<p>Beechland, near Natchez, Mississippi, is a historic vernacular Greek Revival-style plantation house at the end of a mile-long plantation drive. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-and-a-half-story frame house set upon brick foundation piers. It has a steeply pitched gabled roof pierced by two interior brick chimneys.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register in 1982; the owner then planned to renovate the house.</p><br>
<p>"Green Leaves", also known as the Koontz House or the Beltzhoover House, is a Greek Revival mansion in Natchez, Mississippi, completed in 1838 by Edward P. Fourniquet, a French lawyer who built other structures in the area. It was purchased by George Washington Koontz, a local banker in 1849 and has been owned by his descendants ever since. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is best recognized for its preserved family memorabilia and furnishings. The NRHP listing documentation notes that although it is "a somewhat static setting" externally, "the interior design of the house is notable for both its excellence and integrity". It includes not merely many period architectural features but also period decoration and contents, which together make it "one of the most valuable national documents of mid-nineteenth century taste". It is one of several historic buildings in Natchez which adopted the Greek Revival style and which maintain significant historic interiors.</p><br>
<p>The house is also well known for its gardens, which contain a wide variety of plants, including several camellias and azaleas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original house, now the north wing, was built around 1812 for Jonathan Thompson, a wealthy cotton farmer in the area. This house was two stories and framed entirely of brick, and was later used as an adjacent kitchen and servant and slave quarters. Thompson and his family were killed by yellow fever in May 1820. The land was purchased in 1836 by Edward P. Fourniquet, a French-born lawyer who built other structures in the area. In late 1838, he completed what is now the main section of the house, adjacent to the original, for a price of about $25,000 (~$ in ). This section contains the Greek Revival architecture, and is the section that the house became known for.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by George Washington Koontz, a banker, in 1849. Koontz moved into the area from Pennsylvania in 1836 and joined in business partnership with William Audley Britton that same year.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on March 29, 1979.</p><br>
<p>Medway or the Medway Plantation is a plantation in Mount Holly, South Carolina within Berkeley County, South Carolina. It is about 2 mi east of USA Route 52 from the unincorporated community of Mount Holly, which is directly north of Goose Creek, South Carolina. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places on July 16, 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Jan Van Arrsens, the Seigneur of Wernhaut (also "Weirnhoudt"), led a small group of settlers from Holland to the province of Carolina around 1686. He built his house on the Back River, which was formerly called the "Meadway" or "Medway" and is a tributary of the Cooper River. Van Arrsens died soon after his arrival and was buried at Medway.</p><br>
<p>His widow, Sabrina de Vignon, married Landgrave Thomas Smith around 1687, which made Smith one of the wealthiest men in the Province. Sabrina Smith died in 1689 and was buried at Medway. Thomas Smith was appointed governor of the Province of Carolina in 1693. He died in 1694 and was also buried at Medway.</p><br>
<p>After his death, the plantation went to his son, Thomas Smith II. In 1701, Smith sold it to Edward Hyrne. When Hyrne failed to pay the mortgage in 1711, it reverted to Thomas Smith II. It was sold numerous times in the 18th century. Eventually, it was purchased by Theodore Samuel Marion, who was a nephew of Francis Marion, member of the South Carolina Provincial Congress and a prominent figure in the American Revolution. In 1827, it passed on to his grandson, Theodore Samuel DuBose. In the period 1833 to 1835, Dubose sold it to his brother-in-law Peter Gaillard Stoney, who also owned the West Point Rice Mill in Charleston.</p><br>
<p>During Stoneys ownership, Medway Plantation was productive winter and summer. In the summer, rice was the principal work. During the winter, brick-making was a major activity. Medway and other plantations in the area produced "Carolina Grey" bricks from the local clay along the river bank. Medways bricks were used in constructing buildings in Charleston and were some of bricks used to build Fort Sumter. The plantation also produced timber and some naval stores. Finally, the plantation was used for recreational hunting.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, it was purchased by Samuel Gaillard Stoney, who was a nephew of Peter Gaillard Stoney. A son of Samuel and Louisa Stoney, also named Samuel Gaillard Stoney (1891–1968), wrote Plantations of the Carolina Low Country, other books on the architecture of the South Carolina Lowcountry, and coauthored books of Gullah stories.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, Medway was purchased by Sidney and Gertrude Legendre. Gertrude Sanford Legendre is best known for her experiences as a big-game hunter and as an Office of Strategic Services employee. She was the first American woman captured in World War II. After about six months&#39; captivity, she escaped to Switzerland. Gertrude died in 2000 and was buried at Medway.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Although the tradition was that Van Arrsens built the core of the house,</p><br>
<p>The house that Jan Van Arrsens built on the Medway River burned, either in 1692 or in the early 18th century after the Hyrnes bought it. The house was rebuilt using the remaining foundations and walls. This house had stepped Dutch gables. The house had entrances facing the river and on the landward side. The house was made of locally produced handmade brick that did not have the quality of bricks produced in later periods. The poorly made bricks were patched with oyster shell stucco. The house is believed to have had three rooms on the main floor.</p><br>
<p>Theodore Samuel DuBose added another story to the house in 1827, which made it a -story house. Peter Gaillard Stoney expanded the house by building an unsymmetrical wing toward the west in 1855. The house was expanded again by adding two rooms toward the east prior to 1875.</p><br>
<p>The house was damaged in the 1886 Charleston earthquake. The house was repaired by 1900. Samuel Gaillard Stoney rebuilt the stepped gables in 1906. Louisa Stoney restored the lawn and gardens. The Legendres revived the plantation and redecorated the house.</p><br>
<p>The original Dutch design of the house has been retained. Floor plans of the house have been published. These include a probable plan for the original house built by Van Arrsens and/or Hyrne and the current house.</p><br>
<h2>Medway today</h2><br>
<p>Gertrude Sanford Legendre set up the Medway Environmental Trust to manage the plantation as a nature preserve.</p><br>
<p>Downtown Sarasota Historic District is a 19 acres historic district in Sarasota, Florida. It is bound by 1st Street, Orange Avenue, State Street, Gulf Stream Avenue and North Pineapple Avenue. On April 9, 2009, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The historic district consists of 51 buildings. Six contributing properties in the district have been listed individually on the National Register:</p><br>
<p>American National Bank Building</p><br>
<p>DeMarcay Hotel</p><br>
<p>Kress Building</p><br>
<p>Roth Cigar Factory</p><br>
<p>Edwards Theatre</p><br>
<p>Worth&#39;s Block.</p><br>
<p>The Burn, a house built in 1834, is the oldest documented Greek Revival residence in Natchez, Mississippi. It was built on a knoll to the north of the old town area of Natchez. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The house is a one-and-a-half-story Greek Revival double-pile central hall plan building built of frame construction upon a brick basement. It has a five bay east-facing façade with a pedimented portico supported by four fluted Doric columns.</p><br>
<p>It was built to be the residence of John P. Walworth, a wealthy planter, merchant, banker, and politician.</p><br>
<p>The Church of Our Lady of Grace is a Roman Catholic church built between 1874 and 1876. It is situated in Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. It is a Gothic-style church designed by Francis G. Himpler and William J. Whyte. Located on the corner of Fourth St. and Willow St. in Hoboken, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the church was used for scenes in the 1954 film On the Waterfront.</p><br>
<p>Church of Our Saviour, Friend of Children, also known as Holy Angels Roman Catholic Church, is a church located on North Shore Road on Sugar Island, near Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1978 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Michael G. Payment was born in Montreal in 1814. In 1827 he moved to Detroit and became involved in business. Payment undertook trade with the local Ojibwe people, establishing a successful trading post. Beginning in 1853, Bishop Frederic Baraga was a frequent visitor to the settlement, and in 1856 Baraga purchased lumber and requested that Michael Payment construct a church at the site. Payment complied, and the building was completed in 1857.</p><br>
<p>Michael Payment returned to Detroit in 1874, until it closed in 1953. The church reopened in 1982 for services in the summer. It is the last remaining structure from Payment&#39;s Landing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Church of Our Saviour, Friend of Children is a single story frame structure sitting on a fieldstone foundation. The exterior was originally clad in clapboard, but at some time weatherboarding was installed over the original siding. The church has a gable roof with a square, pyrimidal-roofed belfry at the top. Each side has three windows, and one end has an entry portico below a plain wooden cross.</p><br>
<p>The Coliseum Theater, a former cinema in Seattle, Washington, opened January 8, 1916. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, When it opened, it was advertised as "the worlds largest and finest photoplay palace." In 1931, the Journal of the Royal Institute of Architects called it "the first of the worlds movie palaces."</p><br>
<p>The exterior features elaborate terra cotta work, and the original interior was comparably ornate. When it opened in the silent film era, it boasted a 7-piece orchestra plus an organist; the giant organ was made by Moller, and the musicians—all Russians—were reputed to be the highest-paid movie theater musicians in the country. Anita King attended the opening night to give a speech dedicating the theater.</p><br>
<p>The Coliseum continued as a first-run theater into the late 1970s, the building was renovated into a 15,000 ft&sup2; Banana Republic clothing store that opened in 1994. The store closed in 2020 and is planned to be replaced by a temporary art space by XO Seattle in 2023.</p><br>
<p>The Sterling Hill Mine, now known as the Sterling Hill Mining Museum, is a former zinc mine in Ogdensburg, Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. It was the last working underground mine in New Jersey. It closed in 1986, and became a museum in 1989. Along with the nearby Franklin Mine, it is known for its variety of minerals, especially the fluorescent varieties. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mining began at the site in the 1630s, when it was mistakenly thought to be a copper deposit. George III of the United Kingdom granted the property to William Alexander, titled Lord Stirling. Stirling sold it to Robert Ogden in 1765. It went through several owners until the various mines were combined into the New Jersey Zinc Company in 1897. The mine closed in 1986 due to a tax dispute with the town, which foreclosed for back taxes in 1989 and auctioned the property to Richard and Robert Hauck for $750,000. It opened as a museum in August 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The ore bodies at the Sterling Hill Mine lie within a formation called the Reading Prong massif; the ores are contained within the Franklin Marble. This was deposited as limestone in a Precambrian oceanic rift trough. It subsequently underwent extensive metamorphosis during the Grenville orogeny, approximately 1.15 billion years ago. Uplift and erosion during the late Mesozoic and the Tertiary era ,exposed the ore bodies at the surface. The glaciers of the Pleistocene strewed trains of ore-bearing boulders for miles to the south, in places creating deposits large enough to be worked profitably.</p><br>
<p>In the area of the Franklin and Sterling Hill mines, more than 360 minerals are known to occur. These make up approximately 10% of the minerals known to science. Thirty-five of these minerals have not been found anywhere else. Ninety-one of the minerals fluoresce.</p><br>
<p>There are 35 mi of tunnels in the mine, going down to 1,850 ft below the surface in the main shaft and 2,675 ft in the lower shaft. As of 2017, other than the very top level of the mine (&lt;100 ft), the entire lower section has been flooded due to the natural water table and hence is no longer accessible. The mine is at a constant 56 &deg;F.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The tour spends about 30 minutes inside the exhibit hall which contains a wide variety of mining memorabilia, mineralogical samples, fossils, and meteorites. It then leads into the mine for a 1,300 foot walk on level ground through the upper level of the mine. The walk goes through a new 240 foot section which they blasted in 1990 using 49 blasts and at a cost of $2 (~$ in ) a foot. In the Rainbow Tunnel, short wave UV lights are turned on to demonstrate the entire tunnel and various samples glowing with fluorescence.</p><br>
<p>The mine is also home to the Ellis Astronomical Observatory, the Thomas S. Warren Museum of Fluorescence, and a large collection of mining equipment.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Freight House, known locally as The Freight House, is a historic building in Downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This Freight House was built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (The Milwaukee Road) in 1917 in response to the increased freight traffic in Davenport before the country entered World War I. It was built on the levee near the Mississippi River. The railroad built the Crescent Rail Bridge with the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad to the west in 1901, and they joined in building Union Station across Ripley Street in 1924. Railroad freight factored in the development of the citys wholesale and retail commercial economy from the 1890s onward. Because of Davenports location, railroad freight could be charged favorable eastern rates while western rates could also be accessed. This gave the city an advantage over in-state communities.</p><br>
<p>The freight house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places due to its association with the commercial development of Davenport, Iowa. After being renovated in the 1990s, The Freight House has seen a variety of uses, such as a comedy club, sports bar, piano bar, and restaurant. Currently, the freight house is home to several small businesses featuring locally grown items, such as a deli, a grocery hub, and a tap room for a local brewery.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is rectangular in shape and built of brick with concrete floors and columns. The eastern end is two stories and held the offices. The west end held the warehouse storage space in a single story. The facility was located between the rail siding and thoroughfare where cargo could be easily transferred from one transportation system to another.</p><br>
<p>Jonesboro Historic District in Jonesboro, Georgia is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Jonesboro was the setting of much of the 1936 novel Gone with the Wind; the fictional houses Tara and Twelve Oaks were placed near it, in Clayton County.</p><br>
<p>It includes Stately Oaks, also separately listed on the NRHP, which is believed to be the inspiration for Tara.</p><br>
<p>It includes the Clayton County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Stately Oaks Plantation is a Greek Revival antebellum mansion located in Margaret Mitchell Memorial Park in Jonesboro, Georgia. Built in 1839, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is also known as Orr House, The Oaks, and Robert McCord House and it is included in the Jonesboro Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Stately Oaks is owned by Historical Jonesboro/Clayton County Inc., and features the period house, the home&#39;s separate log kitchen, a well house, a tenant house, an 1896 country store, and a one-room schoolhouse.</p><br>
<p>The house, along with Rural Home, was believed to be the inspiration for Tara, the legendary home of Scarlett OHara and her family in Margaret Mitchells novel Gone with the Wind.</p><br>
<p>Burke County Courthouse in Waynesboro, Georgia is a "carpenter Romanesque"  building completed in 1857. It is one of just four courthouses in Georgia that were built in the 1850s and still serve as courthouses. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. L.F. Goodrich is credited as the building&#39;s architect  and he also designed the Jenkins County Courthouse in Millen, Georgia.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story structure built of red brick that is covered with a gritty cement-like mixture "scored to look like very perfect brick&quot this treatment does not appear on any other Georgia courthouse but does appear on the Hay House in Macon, Georgia. It has a clock tower that rises in five stages to a pyramidal roof with pedimented clocks. The building also has two winding staircases at the front of the building. A two-story annex was built in 1940 and joined by an open bridge on two levels at the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>Ailes House, also known as Jones House or Chelsealy Farms, in Crystal Springs, Mississippi, is a -story wood-frame house that was built in 1860. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>It is notable as a well-preserved example of rural Greek Revival architecture that is outstanding for its grand interior proportions and for its surviving original painted decoration.</p><br>
<p>First Baptist Church of Augusta is a Baptist church in Augusta, Georgia. The original location is now a historical site. The current church building is located on Walton Way.</p><br>
<h2>Baptists Praying Society</h2><br>
<p>According to the earliest church records, the Baptists Praying Society was established when</p><br>
<p>In the year 1817, Jesse D. Green, a layman, was active in gathering together the few scattered Baptists in Augusta, and, after holding one or more preliminary meetings, the brethren and sisters, to the number of eighteen, had drawn up and adopted a covenant, to which they affixed their names.</p><br>
<p>In May 1817, they met in the court house for worship. A few years later in 1820, Rev, Wm. T. Brantly was chosen for the pastoral office, and he undertook erecting a brick house at 802 Greene St., at a cost of $20,000. It was dedicated on May 6, 1821.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Baptist Convention was formed at a meeting May 1845 in this church, marking the separation between Northern and Southern Baptists before the American Civil War over issues of slavery and governance.</p><br>
<h2>Historical marker</h2><br>
<p>A historical marker was erected in 1956 outside the church by the Georgia Historical Commission (Marker Number 121–29.) It is inscribed as follows:</p><br>
<p>In March 1817, eight men and two women meeting in an Augusta home formed "The Baptist Praying Society of Augusta" - the forerunner of the First Baptist Church. Two months later the society was constituted a church under the leadership of the first minister, Wm. T. Brantley, this property was purchased in 1870. A church on this site was dedicated May 26, 1821. In 1845, after serious friction arose in the national Triennial Convention, 327 delegates from eight southern states and the District of Columbia met here to form the Southern Baptist Convention. This building was erected in 1902.</p><br>
<h2>Greene Street building</h2><br>
<p>In 1975, the congregation moved to a new church on a site in Augusta on Walton Way. They sold their former church building to the Southern Baptist Non-Profit Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Baptist Convention erected an identification marker on the grounds in 1984, noting this as the site of the convention&#39;s founding. By 2003, the building was owned by the Southern Baptist Restoration Foundation. The Southern Bible Seminary had started using the building to hold classes.</p><br>
<p>In August 2020, Joe Edge a local Augusta real estate developer purchased the building with plans to save the structure and redevelop it. The building fell into disrepair in the early 2000&#39;s and was abandoned after 2015. Edge purchased the building in 2020 to convert the back portion into office space and to restore the exterior of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Pastors</h2><br>
<p>The list of pastors of this church are:</p><br>
<p>Wm. T. Brantly (1820–1826)</p><br>
<p>James Shannon (1826–1829)</p><br>
<p>C. D. Mallory (1829–1835)</p><br>
<p>W. J. Hard (1835–1839)</p><br>
<p>Wm T. Brantly, Jr. (1840–1848)</p><br>
<p>N. J. Foster (1849)</p><br>
<p>C. B. Jannett (1849-1851)</p><br>
<p>Dr. J. G. Binney (1852–1855)</p><br>
<p>J. E. Ryerson (1855–1860)</p><br>
<p>Dr. A. J. Huntington (1860–1865)</p><br>
<p>J. H. Cuthbert (1865-1867)</p><br>
<p>James Dixon ( 1869-1874)</p><br>
<p>M. B. Wharton (1875)</p><br>
<p>W. W. Landrum (Feb. 18, 1876- 1882)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Lansing Burrows (1883-1899)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Sparks W. Melton (1900-1909)</p><br>
<p>Dr. M. Ashby Jones (1909-1917)</p><br>
<p>Dr. William Vines (1917-1918)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Edward L. Grace (1919-1927)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Fredrick Smith (1927-1936)</p><br>
<p>Dr. R. Paul Caudill (1937-1944)</p><br>
<p>Dr. A. Warren Huyck (1944-1953)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Robert Jackson Robinson (basketball & Baylor) (1953–1974)</p><br>
<p>Dr. George Balentine (1975-1982)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Charles Bugg (1982-1989)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Timothy Owings (1990-2003)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Greg DeLoach (2005–2015)</p><br>
<p>Dr. Will Dyer (2017–Present)</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Albany Historic District is a 19-block, 66.6 acre area of Albany, New York, United States, centered on the junction of State  and North and South Pearl streets . It is the oldest settled area of the city, originally planned and settled in the 17th century, and the nucleus of its later development and expansion. In 1980 it was designated a historic district by the city and then listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Its 164 buildings are a mix of tall commercial buildings on the main streets and small houses on the side. Most were built between 1880 and 1930, the districts period of significance, with some dating to the 1810s. All major streets have a major building as their focal point. Several contributing properties have been listed on the Register in their own right, and one designated a National Historic Landmark. Albanys earliest skyscrapers were built here, including one that was the citys tallest at the time of its completion. The current mix of buildings reflects the citys peak of industrial prosperity in the Gilded Age, with many built by banks, as well as the citys status as New Yorks state capital.</p><br>
<p>It has been displaced in the citys skyline by later construction, particularly by the Empire State Plaza, the modernist home of New Yorks state government. Urban renewal programs of the late 20th century largely bypassed the district for political reasons. As a result, its historic buildings are mostly intact, although some have been compromised through neglect. In 2022 the state proposed some changes that would add some more modern buildings as contributing properties. The amended boundaries were accepted that May.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is an irregular area, shaped like a rough crescent. It is centered along the axes of North and South Pearl (NY 32) and State (NY 5 west of Pearl) streets. A combination of natural features, streets, and legal boundaries serves to delineate it. Downtown is located to the northeast of and downhill from the modernist towers of Empire State Plaza, and east of the state capitol.</p><br>
<p>On the east it is bounded by the Hudson River and Interstate 787, with Eagle Street its western side (excluding City Hall, the state Court of Appeals and the county courthouse). To the north, the boundary follows Columbia Street to Chapel Street, then north to Sheridan Street. It continues east to North Pearl and then follows rear lot lines along the north side of Columbia to Broadway and out to I-787, then turns south.</p><br>
<p>At the district&#39;s southern tip, it comes inland again to Pruyn Street, which it follows for a block to Liberty Street and then turns north to Hudson Avenue, where it follows an irregular route along property lines to Norton Street. Here it continues west to South Pearl, and after a short twist to the north it follows Howard Street west. At William Street it turns south again, and then follows some property lines west to Beaver Street across from the Times Union Center. At Wendell Street it turns north to Howard and follows Howard west back to Eagle.</p><br>
<p>This area takes in 19 blocks and parts of several others. James and Steuben streets, as well as Maiden Lane, are included in their entirety along with some narrow alleys within blocks. The area is totally developed, with many multistory buildings used as office space with storefronts at street level. Open space between them and on the edges is used for parking lots. There are no significant parks or squares within it.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Downtown has always been the center of Albany from its founding in the 17th century. Its built environment did not take its present form until the late 19th. Since then it has remained relatively stable, with some decaying buildings facing demolition pressure as part of redevelopment efforts.</p><br>
<h3>Colonial and Revolutionary period</h3><br>
<p>The area within the district was the same as that originally settled by the Dutch in the 17th century north of Fort Orange, a high area between two ravines that have since been filled in. It became British in 1664 and was renamed Albany, in honor of King James II, Duke of Albany prior to his coronation.</p><br>
<p>The grid plan of the area&#39;s streets was laid out at this time, although it was mostly unbuilt as the city was within a stockade. Most commercial buildings at the time, primarily warehouses, were located on what is now Broadway. The 1815 Coulson Building at 420 Broadway, the oldest building in the district, is typical of that kind of construction. The inland blocks were residential.</p><br>
<p>Albany was a point of contention during both the French and Indian and Revolutionary wars, and the New York State Legislature met there in 1780 after British occupation ended. In 1797 it was designated the state capital.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>More residences were built, primarily to be rented to lawyers and legislators working in the capitol and the courts. The city began to expand and annex surrounding land to handle its growth. The opening of the Erie Canal in the 1820s and the development of railroads in later decades made the city a transportation hub, and as its commercial power and the states grew it assumed more political importance. Smaller buildings remained the norm along the side streets, with churches springing up next to them. Richard Upjohns French Gothic St. Peters Episcopal Church on State, finished in 1860, is considered one of his best churches. Another church, St. Marys, by the local firm of Nicholls and Brown, became the focal point of a neighborhood of small houses on and near Lodge Street. Richard Upjohns French Gothic St. Peters Episcopal Church on State, finished in 1860, is considered one of his best churches.</p><br>
<p>In the years after the Civil War commercial interests started building taller and more massive edifices along North Pearl and State streets. Albany native Edward Ogden designed the 1873 Kenmore Hotel on North Pearl, and expanded it in 1891 with Queen Anne touches. His 1889 Albany Business College building opposite the Kenmore likewise uses the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Another local architect, Albert Puller, had given downtown the YMCA building at 60 North Pearl, in that style three years earlier.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The Albany architect who had the greatest impact on the district was Marcus T. Reynolds, with six buildings, most of them from the early 20th century. The most prominent is his 1914 headquarters for the Delaware and Hudson Railway on the east side of Broadway. A copy of the Cloth Hall in the Belgian city of Ypres, it has become an icon of the city, often mistaken by first-time visitors for the state capitol.</p><br>
<p>It serves as a focal point when looking east down State Street. Two of Reynolds&#39; other buildings in the district, the 1897 First Trust Company Building at State and Broadway, and the 1902 United Traction Company Building at Broadway and Columbia, similarly guide the eye down Broadway as it bends.</p><br>
<p>Architects from New York City also built in Albany. In 1875, Russell Sturgis had designed the Victorian Gothic bank building at 63 State Street, and it was paired with a neoclassical bank building by York and Sawyer a quarter-century later at 60 State. Henry Ives Cobb incorporated the 1803 façade of Philip Hookers State Bank of Albany building into a 16-story office building at North Pearl and State. Near the end of the period of significance, Dennison and Hirons Art Deco Home Savings Bank Building was the tallest in Albany at the time of its 1927 completion. It was quickly displaced from that title by the state government&#39;s Alfred E. Smith Building the next year.</p><br>
<p>No major building took place downtown in the 1930s due to the combination of it being built out and the slowdown in construction occasioned by the onset of the Great Depression. When the economy regained its footing after World War II, the focus of new development had shifted to outlying areas and then the suburbs. Downtown remained a popular place for politicians and those who associated with them to patronize, but otherwise began to decline in a similar fashion as other old Northeastern cities.</p><br>
<p>A 1969 redevelopment plan identified the "obsolete street plan" and lack of quality parking as a source of downtown&#39;s problems. It proposed reconfiguring the streets to coordinate better with the expressways proposed for the area at the time. A large pedestrian mall was proposed for the area between Chapel and Broadway, with the intervening blocks of Steuben, Pearl and Pine to be closed off to vehicles. A platform was to cross the interstate and provide a pedestrian link to marinas and apartments along the river. To make up for the lost streets, Chapel would have become North Pearl, and a bridge would be built to extend Eagle Street to Clinton Avenue at Ten Broeck Street. Eventually, it was hoped, a people mover system would be built to link Empire Plaza and downtown, with new parking garages on the fringes, one of which would have required rerouting Liberty Street and Hudson Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The old buildings were spared the fate of demolition through urban renewal as the citys political machine under Daniel P. OConnell mostly eschewed the federal funding for such projects since the federal government would award contracts, limiting the city machines patronage. New development in the center of Albany instead took the form of what was originally known as the "South Mall Project" proposed by Governor Nelson Rockefeller. This cleared 98 acre southwest of downtown for a complex centered on five tall state office buildings in high modernist style. When completed in the late 1970s, Empire State Plaza became the new centerpiece of the citys skyline, and Erastus Corning Tower its tallest building. The Delaware and Hudson moved out of its building following the decline in its industry, and after a few years of vacancy it was purchased by the state to become the main headquarters of the State University of New York.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>In the late 1980s Sebba Rockaway, a British developer, proposed to demolish a row of buildings, all contributing, at 136–40 State Street and replace them with a 14-story office complex. Preservationists objected, but the city granted permission. The project was later canceled when Sebba failed to find tenants for the property. A decade later, it put forth a similar expanded proposal, which would have demolished not only the original properties but the long-vacant Wellington Row which includes the Wellington and Berkshire hotels, as well as the former Albany Elks lodge.</p><br>
<p>This time the preservationists sued the city to stop the demolition. The buildings continued to deteriorate, and in 2004 a section of State Street was closed since part of the Wellington&#39;s cornice was in danger of falling into it. A new owner, Columbia Development Companies, bought the properties and finally reached a compromise that preserved the façades of the Wellington and the other State Street buildings, with the new office building to rise behind them. Demolition began in 2009.</p><br>
<p>New construction or expansion within the district is reviewed by the citys Historic Resources Commission (HRC), a group of nine citizens with an interest in architecture, history or historic preservation appointed by the mayor. The HRC also considers new city landmark designations. The area also comes under the purview of several of Albanys neighborhood associations.</p><br>
<p>In 2022, the state proposed to the National Park Service (NPS) some changes to the district as a result of additional research into its history and developments since then, which were accepted in May.</p><br>
<p>Along the southern boundary, a lot on the south side of Beaver Street near the south end of Lodge has been removed from the district as the building on it was demolished to make way for MVP Arena. At the eastern corner, an area taking in three c. 1875 rowhouses on the west side of Eagle Street near the Beaver intersection, along with the 1960s office building north of them with the official address of 145–150 State Street, were added to the district.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Six of the district&#39;s properties are listed on the National Register in their own right, and one is a National Historic Landmark. There are several others that are notable.</p><br>
<h3>National Historic Landmark</h3><br>
<p>St. Peter&#39;s Episcopal Church, 107 State Street. Richard Upjohn and his son designed this church completed in 1860, for a congregation founded in 1704. It is in French Gothic revival style and considered one of his best churches. The remains of Lord Howe were interred under the vestibule; he is the only British Lord buried in the United States. It was listed on the Register in 1972 and then designated an NHL eight years later.</p><br>
<h3>National Register of Historic Places</h3><br>
<p>Delaware and Hudson Railroad Company Building, Broadway and State Street. Currently used as the headquarters of the State University of New York, this is downtown Albany&#39;s best-known building. It may have been inspired by the 13th-century Flemish Gothic Cloth Hall in Ypres, Belgium; built in 1913 by local architect Marcus F. Gilbert.</p><br>
<p>James T. Foley United States Courthouse, 445 Broadway, built 1931–1934 in the Art Deco style.</p><br>
<p>Old Post Office, Broadway and State Street. The Renaissance Revival design of this 1883 post office was a less expensive substitute for the larger structure originally planned before the land turned out to be far more expensive than expected.</p><br>
<p>First Trust Company Building, Broadway and State. A 1902 Gilbert building in the classic Beaux Arts style.</p><br>
<p>St. Marys Church, 10 Lodge Street. When built in 1869 by Nichols and Brown, this third building to house the citys oldest Catholic church was an early application of the Romanesque Revival. Upon completion of its 175 ft tower in the 1890s it became the first Albany church with electric lighting.</p><br>
<p>United Traction Company Building, Broadway and Columbia. 1902 Beaux Arts Gilbert building that also serves as a focal point going down Columbia Street.</p><br>
<p>Van Ostrande–Radliff House oldest building in Albany, added to register in 2008.</p><br>
<p>YMCA Building, 60 North Pearl. An 1886 Richardsonian Romanesque building by Albert Fuller.</p><br>
<h3>Other notable buildings</h3><br>
<p>Coulson Building, 420 Broadway. This warehouse, built in 1815 and expanded later in the century.</p><br>
<p>Home Savings Bank Building. A 1927 Art Deco skyscraper that was Albany&#39;s tallest when built by Denisson and Hirons. It is one of the newest contributing properties in the district.</p><br>
<p>Kenmore Hotel, Columbia and North Pearl Street. With the demolition or redevelopment of the other hotels, this Edward Ogden-designed 1873 building, renovated 13 years later, is the only one of downtown&#39;s 19th-century hotels remaining mostly intact. It has been an office building since 1986.</p><br>
<p>National State Bank Building, 60 State Street. A Classical Revival "temple of finance" designed by York and Sawyer in 1901.</p><br>
<p>R.B. Wing Building, 384 Broadway. Local architect Walter Van Guysling&#39;s Dutch Colonial Revival building brought that style back to the district in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Albany Masonic Temple, the oldest continuously owned Masonic property in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Orange Grove, also known as the Gaillard-Colclough House, is an historic 39.9 acre plantation and its plantation house at Gaillard&#39;s Crossroads, , north of Dalzell, South Carolina. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 19, 1993.</p><br>
<p>Originally built in 1851 in a South Carolina Lowcountry vernacular style of architecture, the house was seriously damaged by a tornado on April 30, 1924, and was rebuilt so that it now appears as a "raised cottage with a Prairie or Craftsman roof."</p><br>
<p>The plantation house&#39;s main axis runs NW-SE, with the façade on the SE face.</p><br>
<p>Zion Baptist Church in Collinsville, Mississippi is a Carpenter Gothic church built in 1910–11. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 2002.</p><br>
<p>According to its NRHP nomination, it was deemed significant "because of the quality of its architectural detail as a rural, vernacular church built during the early 1900s, and its unusually high degree of integrity."</p><br>
<p>The church building replaced a previous building on the site.</p><br>
<p>Its 6 acre property includes a cemetery with graves of immigrants from about 1860 on, including from England, Scotland, and Ireland. An African-American cemetery also associated with the church is outside the listed property, accessed through a fence.</p><br>
<p>Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Church, also known as Confederate Memorial Chapel and as the Sacred Heart Catholic Church, is a Gothic Revival style Christian church in Port Gibson, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was built in 1868 in the town of Rodney, Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the Rodney Foundation donated the building to the state, which moved it to Grand Gulf Military State Park in Port Gibson, Mississippi. Once in the park, the church was restored to its original condition and is now used as a non-denominational chapel.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a Mississippi Landmark in 1985 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Claremont in Port Gibson, Mississippi is a historic Federal-style -story house that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>It is a center hall plan house with a gallery to the rear. It is surrounded by live oak trees with Spanish moss.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1826 by Judge Joshua G. Clarke (d. 1828), who was the first judge appointed to the Mississippi Supreme Court.</p><br>
<p>It has been described as a "fine example of the late Federal style applied to a moderately sized country house".</p><br>
<p>Clarke&#39;s descendant J. Cavitt Clarke III wrote: "As a sign of his success, about 1826, Judge Clarke built Claremont, among the first of the larger homes near Port Gibson." (citing Ed Polk Douglas, ed., Architecture in Claiborne County, Mississippi: A Selective Guide (Jackson: Mississippi Dept. of Archives and History, 1974), page 72. )</p><br>
<p>The Rapp Road Community Historic District is located in the Pine Bush area of Albany, New York. It is a 14 acre residential neighborhood. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was established in the 1920s by Rev. Louis W. Parson, an African American minister, and his wife, who had moved north from Mississippi in the Great Migration out of the rural South to industrial cities, originally settling in Albany&#39;s South End. He was followed by other members of his congregation. Neither he nor they liked urban life much, and eventually he bought the land along Rapp Road where they all moved.</p><br>
<p>Half of the original purchase was taken by the state for road projects in the 1970s. The remaining half, todays historic district, has many of the original buildings. Most of the original families descendants still live there. It is a rare intact example of a chain migration community from the Great Migration, although many such communities formed in northern cities.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rapp Road is located in the long, narrow western protrusion of Albany known as the Pine Bush. The portion of the street on which the district is located lies between Pine Lane and the South Frontage Road of Washington Avenue Extension. It is just north of the boundary between the city and the Town of Guilderland.</p><br>
<p>To the southeast is Crossgates Mall. Wooded lands on the east and west serve as a buffer between the historic district and the mall and various other commercial and office developments in those directions. It is isolated from any other residential neighborhoods by Interstates 87 and 90, both part of the New York State Thruway, to the north and east. The land is generally level.</p><br>
<p>The district is formed by the 27 lots that remain of the two original purchases that created the neighborhood, on both sides of the road. There are 21 buildings on those lots, all but two of which are contributing properties. One property has two stone piers marking its driveway, both of which are considered contributing objects. The buildings are all wood frame residences, a mix of cottages and traditional shotgun houses.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pre-1920s</h3><br>
<p>The land upon which the Rapp Road Community eventually formed is within the Albany Pine Bush, one of the largest of the world&#39;s 20 inland pine barrens. When Europeans arrived in the early 17th century, the Pine Bush was in use as hunting grounds and woodlots of the Mohawk nation of the Haudenosaunee to the west along the Mohawk River, and the Mahican to the east, along the Hudson River.</p><br>
<h3>Great Migration</h3><br>
<p>The Reverend Louis W. Parson and his wife migrated to Albany from Shubuta, Mississippi in 1927. He founded the First Church of God in Christ in Albany. In four trips to Mississippi, Parson encouraged friends and family to move to Albany and join his church. Many friends and family did during the 1930s and 1940s. Some were sharecroppers who owed money to their landlords. Eventually the majority of African Americans from Shubuta moved to Albany. They were among the nearly 1.5 million African Americans who left the South during what has been called the first wave of the Great Migration, going to northern and midwestern industrial cities for more opportunities and to escape violence against them. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million African Americans migrated from the South, many to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs.</p><br>
<p>Despite pressure from the city government against recruiting unemployed people due to the Depression, Parson continued to encourage people from Shubata to come to Albany throughout the 1930s. But many of the migrants did not like life in the South End. Their religious values were affronted by the bars, brothels and gambling houses in the neighborhood. Having come from rural areas, they found northern city life hard to adjust to. Some returned to Mississippi.</p><br>
<p>Between 1930 and 1933, Parson found two 14 acre parcels of undeveloped land west of Albany in the Pine Bush as a site for his community. Others from Shubata moved to this location. They saved money and built, by themselves, houses similar to what they had known in Mississippi. After the purchases were fully closed in 1942, two years after Parson&#39;s death, families began building their own houses with help from friends and family over the next decades. Many began growing crops and raising animals on the land, becoming self-sufficient. During the World War II years, especially, building materials were hard to obtain because they were diverted to the war effort. One family found they could complete a small shotgun house but not the larger house that they had started.</p><br>
<p>At the neighborhood&#39;s peak, 23 families lived on Rapp Road. The community remained intact until 1971, when the state planned the Washington Avenue Extension to improve connections between Albany and its growing western suburbs. It conducted eminent domain proceedings to acquire the northern parcel. Most of the homeowners moved away. One who lived at what is today the middle of the extension, chose instead to have her house moved. Today it is located at the north end of the street, 8 Rapp Road, 300 feet (90 m) south of its original location.</p><br>
<p>The community has survived despite the disruption and the large-scale development of the surrounding area. Many descendants of the original homeowners have returned to raise their families here. Every year the community holds a "family reunion", and every other year holds an additional celebration in Shubuta for those relatives who still live there.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 the community was designated by the state of New York as a "New York State Historic District" and in 2003 as a National Historic District. In 2006 the state Department of Education chartered the Rapp Road Historical Association, which has formed to preserve and interpret the history of the area.</p><br>
<p>North Main Street Historic District in Canandaigua, New York is a historic district that was listed on the NRHP in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Significant buildings are the First Congregational Church, the 1812 built courthouse which was city hall by 1972, and a dozen Federal and Greek Revival architecture houses.</p><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church in the district was covered in a HABS survey.</p><br>
<p>Tifton Commercial Historic District, in Tifton in Tift County, Georgia, is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1986 and expanded in 1994. The original listing was portions of 10 blocks including buildings from the 1890s to the late 1930s, most built of brick.</p><br>
<p>The original district was 35 acre in size and included two groups of building in areas on the north and south sides of east–west Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, to the east of the north–south Southern Railway line. It included 57 contributing buildings and one contributing structure.</p><br>
<p>Notable resources are:</p><br>
<p>Tift County Courthouse (1912), Beaux Arts in style, designed by William A. Edwards, separately NRHP-listed in 1980</p><br>
<p>Lockeby Building (1937), deemed "a fine local example" of Art Deco with "its cast-stone vertical banding"</p><br>
<p>Tift Theatre (1937), Art Moderne, with a multi-colored Carrara glass facade</p><br>
<p>Myon Hotel (1906), now the Tifton City Hall, "massive", with three stories, with Georgian Revival influence, designed by Montgomery, Alabama architect B.B. Smith</p><br>
<p>former USA Post Office (1914), the town&#39;s library by 1985, Renaissance Revival, design credited to Oscar Wenderoth</p><br>
<p>former Bank of Tifton (1917), a C&S Bank in 1985, "a fine example of the Neoclassical style", also designed by William A. Edwards</p><br>
<p>former Union Station (1916), the Chamber of Commerce in 1985, in long, low Prairie-influenced style</p><br>
<p>Twin Brick Warehouses (1922 and 1925), on former site of Tift&#39;s sawmill, at the east edge of the district, landmarks "by virtue of their immense size (approximately 100x400 ft each) and their easily recognizable stepped-parapet fronts"</p><br>
<p>Three buildings had received Preliminary Certifications of Significance from the National Register Programs Division of the National Park Service Southeast Regional Office:</p><br>
<p>214 East Second Street (December 6, 1983)</p><br>
<p>the Lockeby Building, corner of Third and Main (February 27, 1985), and</p><br>
<p>Myon Hotel (February 27, 1985).</p><br>
<p>The amendment in 1994 expanded the district by 15 acre to include four blocks of mostly one- and two-story commercial buildings, including warehouses. It added 28 contributing buildings. The Masonic Lodge building in this area is the only three-story building in the increase.</p><br>
<p>The amendment in 1994 also recognized contributing building status for the Bowen Building, an Art Deco building built c. 1900 but renovated extensively in 1937 after a fire, which is located at the southwest corner of Third Street and South Main Street. In 1994, the corner tenant in the building was a drug store, and the other portion was a Christian bookstore.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<h2>merging stuff</h2><br>
<p>SHOULD ADD NEWER REFNUM and ADDRESS and perhaps more TO NRHP listings page for the county, which has/shows:</p><br>
<p>ADD WHAT ELELMENTS IN Tifton Commercial Historic District (original) had architecture=Chicago, Late Victorian, The Commercial Style.</p><br>
<p>John Young House, also known as the Young-Carter House, is a historic home located in Warren Township, Clinton County, Indiana. It was built about 1860, and is a two-story, Greek Revival style brick dwelling with Italianate style detailing. It has a gabled temple form front facade and an attached kitchen wing. The front portico was reconstructed in 1992–1993.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Young House in Stevensville, Montana, also known as Cole House, is a -story cross-gabled Carpenter Gothic house which was built in 1900 and has since been expanded. It was built by a relatively rare plank-wall construction method.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>A root house built in 1909, a root cellar also built in 1909, and a garage are contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>Young–Yentes–Mattern Farm, also known as Maple Grove Farmstead, is a historic home and farm located in Dallas Township, Huntington County, Indiana. The farm includes three residences: the original log house , the former Dallas Township School Number 2 and used as a residence, and the Queen Anne main house built between 1896 and 1910. The two-story, frame main house has a front facing gable roof with fishscale shingles and a wraparound porch. Also on the property are a number of contributing outbuildings including the milk house, chicken house, garage, smokehouse, hog house, small barn, and large bank barn.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Montpelier Historic District, the center of the unincorporated community of Montpelier, Mississippi in Clay County, Mississippi, is a 2.5 acre historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Located at the intersection of Mississippi Highway 46 and Mississippi Highway 389, the district included (as of 1989) three contributing buildings and one non-contributing building.</p><br>
<p>The contributing buildings are the c. 1886 house of the town&#39;s founder, C.C. Cross, his c. 1891 store, and another c. 1891 store building that held the post office. The buildings are not distinctive architecturally and are made of wood-frame construction with simple details. They are, however, good examples of "commonplace late 19th and early 20th century life and building practice."</p><br>
<p>And the district, compared to alternatives covered in a study, was deemed the "best remaining example of a commercial center important for its location on the roads which allowed for the development of an expanding agricultural economy in the areas not served by railroad lines."</p><br>
<p>Turnage House, on Turnage Road, in or near Montpelier, is "significant as the best remaining example in</p><br>
<p>Clay County of the early 20th century double-pen dogtrot house."</p><br>
<p>The Lafayette Park Historic District is located in central Albany, New York, United States. It includes the park and the combination of large government buildings and small rowhouses on the neighboring streets. In 1978 it was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Many of its contributing properties are themselves listed on the National Register. One of them, the New York State Capitol, is a National Historic Landmark as well. Other government buildings include City Hall, the building housing Albany County government, the states highest court and the offices of its Education Department along with the offices of the City School District of Albany. The Episcopal Diocese of Albanys cathedral is at one corner of the district.</p><br>
<p>While the state capitol building has always been located on its present site, for most of the 19th century the neighborhood was best known for the townhouses on Elk Street, then one of the most desirable addresses in the city. Many politicians, including some of the state&#39;s governors and presidents Martin Van Buren lived there at different times. Henry James would recall the neighborhood from his childhood visits to his aunt as "vaguely portentous, like beasts of the forest not wholly exorcised." and the construction of the first cantilevered arch bridge—also took place within it. Henry Hobson Richardson, Philip Hooker and Marcus T. Reynolds are among the architects with buildings in the district.</p><br>
<p>The park that gives the district its name was not actually built until the early 20th century, after larger government buildings had begun to dominate the area. In it and the other three parks are statues commemorating George Washington and Albany natives like Civil War general Phillip Sheridan and electromagnet discoverer Joseph Henry. John Quincy Adams Ward and J. Massey Rhind are among the sculptors represented. Although the district has been affected by modern trends—most of the Elk Street houses are now offices for various organizations that lobby the state government—it has remained mostly intact. It remains a vital part of Albanys public sphere, with the parks having hosted everything from benefit sales for soldiers medical care during the Civil War to Occupy Albany&#39;s tent encampments and protests during the 2010s.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The 36 acre</p><br>
<p>It continues north two blocks, now bordering the Washington Avenue Corridor Historic District, to the Elk Street intersection. Here it runs past Cathedral of All Saints and the back of the State Education Department building to the South Hawk Street intersection. The boundary turns north along the continuation of South Hawk and then turns east again to Columbia Street at the entrance to the top deck of a large parking garage in nearby Sheridan Hollow.</p><br>
<p>At the Eagle Street junction, it turns north to the rear lot line of a building on that side of the street, then along its east line to the rear lines of the rowhouses along Columbia Street all the way to Chapel Street. It follows that street south back to Columbia, and turns east again all the way to Lodge Street, again sharing a boundary, this time with the Downtown Albany Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Just before reaching St. Mary&#39;s Church, at Steuben Street, the line turns west again, then south, between the New York State Court of Appeals Building and the parking lot behind it. Crossing Pine Street it jogs slightly westward, then turns south and west to Eagle Street, around the back of City Hall. From there it turns south in the middle of Eagle Street and returns to the southeast corner.</p><br>
<p>The terrain slopes gently eastward, toward the nearby Hudson River, becoming slightly steeper in the eastern portion of the district. On the north it drops off more abruptly into Sheridan Hollow.</p><br>
<p>Much of the southern portion of the district is open space. East and West Capitol parks flank that building. To its northeast, on the block between Elk, Eagle, Hawk and Washington, is one large park In between them on the north side is the former Albany Academy building, now the main offices of the Albany City School District.</p><br>
<p>The large government buildings around the park were, like the state capitol, built in the late 19th century. Their architectural styles vary from the capitol&#39;s mix of Second Empire and French Renaissance Revival to the Classical Revival stylings of the Court of Appeals and Education Department building. The cathedral adds some Gothic Revival to the mix. The residential areas in the north primarily have two-story brick townhouses dating to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. There are 35 buildings in the district; all but three are contributing properties</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The district has an early period corresponding roughly to the 19th century, in which it was noted for the residences of socially prominent residents and politicians. After the completion of the current capitol building at century&#39;s end, it began to be dominated by large government buildings, with the open space, including the park that gives the district its name, coming into place in the early decades of the new century.</p><br>
<h3>1809–1899: Elk Street and residences</h3><br>
<p>The neighborhood has been home to the centers of power since it was established. In 1809, 12 years after Albany was permanently designated New Yorks state capital at the end of the 18th century, the first state capitol building in the city was erected on a site adjacent to the location of the current building. The city government used the building as well for meetings and office space. Philip Hookers original Albany Academy building, the oldest extant building in the district, was built 1815–17.</p><br>
<p>In the academy building, a dozen years later, one of the school&#39;s professors, Joseph Henry, conducted experiments with electricity that proved the existence of inductance and created the first functional electromagnet. For several years in the early 1830s he demonstrated the practical effects of this discovery to his classes by using a magnet to ring a bell at the end of a wire run around the room. Not only was this the prototype for the electric doorbell, it has been considered an important step on the road to the invention of the telegraph two decades later.</p><br>
<p>In 1832, the city government decided it needed its own city hall, and Hooker provided a domed marble Greek Revival building on the present site, which had already been designated for future development as a public square. The next year, the two acres (2 acre) on the east of the Academy building were formally laid out as Academy Park. It was encircled by an iron fence similar to that which Hooker had designed for nearby Capitol Park. Elk and Columbia streets were the center of development, primarily residential, in the district during this era. On the former, the houses closest to the park, Nos. 2 through 7, were built between 1827 and 1833, among them some considered Albany&#39;s finest Greek Revival houses. Columbia Street, where Henry made his home at 107, was developed more modestly.</p><br>
<p>Because of its proximity to the capitol, Elk Street was often a preferred residence of the states governors during this era, since New York did not erect its governors mansion until later in the 19th century. William L. Marcy lived at 2 Elk Street during his first term, and Hamilton Fish made 21 Elk his home after he was elected in 1848. Daniel Barnard, a congressman and later ambassador to Germany, lived at 25 Elk Street and may have owned 1 Elk Street (since demolished). Three governors—Enos T. Throop, Washington Hunt and Horatio Seymour—rented the building from him during their tenure in office.</p><br>
<p>Martin van Buren, a state senator and New Yorks Attorney General before he became USA President, owned 4 Elk Street and lived there for some of the time he was not serving in the latter post. While he was, it was occupied by his son Smith Thompson and his wife, Ellen King James. Among the visitors who came to the house in the later years was Ellens young nephew Henry. Later in his life, when he had become an accomplished novelist, he wrote that Elk Street had always seemed to him "vaguely portentous, as though beasts of the forests not fully exorcised."</p><br>
<p>The first of the large buildings, mostly governmental edifices, that dominate the district today, the New York State Court of Appeals Building, was designed in 1835 and opened in 1842. Originally "State Hall", housing a number of other state offices before the court moved in following its 1847 creation, Henry Rector&#39;s neoclassical structure used all three orders in its design. It was considered one of the finest government buildings of its era. Four years later, 17 Elk Street, the grandest house yet built on that street, was sold to John V. L. Pruyn, an industrialist who later served in the state senate and USA House. It was expanded to the east in 1858.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, during which a temporary structure was set up in Academy Park as the Army Relief Bazaar to raise money for medical supplies, this change accelerated further with the beginning of construction of the new capitol. Marcus T. Reynolds, an architect who worked in the city through the 1930s, was born at 98 Columbia Street in 1869 and lived there both as a child and an old man. In 1880, Hookers 1832 City Hall burned down. Henry Hobson Richardson, then in Albany working on the state capitol, designed the current building to replace it, and it was soon completed, in part because the budget and cost overruns did not allow for an interior to match Richardsons ornate Romanesque exterior.</p><br>
<p>In the decade after the war, Elk Street continued to be a residential neighborhood. Reflecting the Gilded Age, most of those who made their homes there were not politicians but some of the citys newly wealthy industrialists. The park was neglected during this time—Huybertie Pruyn, who lived in the area as a child during the 1870s and 80s, recalls it as a "wretchedly kept place". It had only one light in the center, was locked at 10 p.m. every night, and even so children were warned not to go into it after dark.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. William Croswell Doane had been appointed bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Albany in 1867. He lived at 29 Elk Street, and presided over the construction of Cathedral of All Saints, completed in 1888. The young architect Robert W. Gibson won the commission over Richardson with his Gothic Revival design. Doanes original plan was for the block on which the cathedral was located to be an entire campus with a school, hospital and convent, a "mother church" for the diocese, similar to some Anglican cathedrals in England. He was unable to persuade the churchs trustees to spend the additional money, which would have an effect on the building later.</p><br>
<p>The same year, the thousand-foot (300 m) Hawk Street Viaduct was built, connecting the neighborhoods north of Sheridan Hollow, now home to many of the workers in the industrialized city, with the Lafayette Park area. Since dismantled, it is believed to have been the first cantilevered arch bridge in the world, designed by former state engineer Elnathan Sweet. A segment of the iron railing and its south abutment remain, as contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>Elk Street remained an address known for its high style. In 1897, newly elected Lieutenant Governor Timothy L. Woodruff, who would serve three governors in that position, moved into 5 Elk Street. Albany society took immediate notice of his penchant for the latest clothing, his fine horses, and his English coachman, who had most recently worked for Lilly Langtry, Prince Edward&#39;s mistress.</p><br>
<p>In 1899, the new state capitol was finally finished. With government so firmly established in the area, some of the old houses nearby began to be adapted into office space for institutions that desired the proximity to the states elected officials, or subdivided into smaller living spaces. A fire insurers organization converted 1–2 Columbia Place, including one of the buildings that had served as sculptor Erastus Dow Palmer&#39;s studio in the middle of the century, into its offices. Similarly, 105–107 Columbia Street became an apartment building.</p><br>
<h3>1900–present: New Capitol, government buildings and parks</h3><br>
<p>The early 20th century significantly transformed the district. First, two more large government buildings were added. In 1906 Andrew Sloan Draper, first commissioner of the state&#39;s State Education Department (SED), wanted to move his agency into space of its own near the capitol along with the state library and museum. He considered the block on which Cathedral of All Saints stood to be the ideal location; however, the cathedral still owned some of the land and his approaches to the Doane, who had not abandoned his mother church plan, led to animosity between the two. While the bishop was traveling overseas, Draper used his political influence to have the state buy all the remaining land on the block.</p><br>
<p>While it was being built, the district would be home for two years to another resident later to become prominent, future president Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He lived in 4 Elk Street from 1910 to 1912 while serving as a state senator. Other houses nearby, and on Columbia, were being renovated, usually by Marcus T. Reynolds. In 1912, the Education Department building was completed, followed four years later by Albany County&#39;s new courthouse and office building next to the Court of Appeals.</p><br>
<p>During the time the district was preparing to receive its distinguishing feature. Starting in 1908, the block between Academy Park and Hawk Street was cleared to create Lafayette Park, named for the Marquis de Lafayette, who had stayed in Albany during 1778 and visited the city in the 1820s. In the process more than 30 houses were demolished, including those of Palmer and writer Leonard Kip. With the space opening up, more public statuary was erected. Daniel Chester French arranged for John Quincy Adams Ward&#39;s memorial sculpture to Union Army General Phillip Sheridan, an Albany native, to be posthumously placed on a pedestal east of the capitol designed by Lincoln Memorial architect Henry Bacon. In 1925, a J. Massey Rhind statue of another Albany military man, Revolutionary War General Phillip Schuyler, went up in front of City Hall. It was followed two years later by one of Joseph Henry, sculpted by John Flanagan, in front of the Albany Academy.</p><br>
<p>West Capitol Park was expanded threefold from a modest plan submitted by the sons of Frederick Law Olmsted in 1898. In keeping with the ideals of the contemporary City Beautiful movement, it was reimagined as a "court of honor", surrounded by the Capitol, SED building and the newer Alfred E. Smith Building, towering over the older ones at the parks west side. Ideas by former state architects Franklin B. Ware and Lewis Pilcher were also incorporated. When it opened in 1930 it framed the capitols west facade with a tree-lined entrance mall. A replica of Jean-Antoine Houdons statue of George Washington, displayed in the rotunda of the Virginia State Capitol, was installed in the park in 1932 to commemorate the first presidents bicentennial.</p><br>
<p>The changes in the neighborhood were reflected in its building use. In 1930, the academy moved out of the building it had outgrown; after the city bought it eventually became the offices of the Albany City School District. Reynolds, in one of his final projects, supervised the renovation of the interior, a New Deal project funded by the Public Works Administration. The Pruyns had moved out of 17 Elk Street around 1910; their house eventually became the state headquarters of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. They were followed by most of the other socially prominent families who had called Elk home. The house at 4, where the young Henry James had visited his aunt almost a century before, likewise became home to another fraternal organization, the Moose International.</p><br>
<p>Through the middle of the century the district remained stable, with no significant new buildings, demolitions or other changes. That began to change in the late 1960s as urban renewal touched Albany, and the modernist towers of Empire State Plaza rose to the south, dwarfing the older government buildings in the district. Preservation efforts grew. Daniel Barnards old house at 1 Elk Street was demolished in 1969. At the corner of Elk and Eagle, activists were able to save the facades of three townhouses which were otherwise to have been demolished for another modernist building, James Stewart Polsheks New York Law Center, which they serve to screen from the street.</p><br>
<p>The following year, 1970, the Hawk Street viaduct was dismantled. Only its south abutment and a portion of its handrail were left. As Empire State Plaza neared completion in the late 1970s, the state library and museum left the SED building for larger, dedicated space of their own built within the new complex.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, a memorial to Albany County&#39;s dead and missing from the Vietnam War was commissioned for Lafayette Park. Sculptor Merlin Szosz produced a stele in the classical Greek mode, made of pink Brazilian granite and adorned with the names of those casualties, plus a relief of a soldier holding his fallen comrade amid Southeast Asian vegetation. It is set amid four gas lanterns shaped like lotuses and a circle of bronze benches. It was installed and dedicated in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Two decades later, the social turmoil that accompanied the Vietnam War on the home front echoed through the park anew. In October 2011, protesters inspired by Occupy Wall Street in Manhattan set up Occupy Albany, a tent encampment in the parks, to call attention to rising socioeconomic inequality during the Great Recession as their fellow activists downstate had. The state originally instituted a curfew of 11 p.m. for Lafayette Park in order to force them to leave, and police cited several of them for violating it. These plans failed when David Soares, the county district attorney, dropped the charges and city officials issued the group a permit to stay in Academy Park, which was under its jurisdiction and not the state&#39;s, in return for its cleanup efforts and limitations on its presence. The group continues to hold rallies and events in the parks.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Six buildings in the district are individually listed on the National Register in addition to being contributing properties to the district. They include the cathedral and all government buildings save the county courthouse. One of those government buildings, the state capitol, is further designated a National Historic Landmark. There are still others that are noteworthy within the context of the district.</p><br>
<h3>National Historic Landmark</h3><br>
<p>New York State Capitol, State Street: One of the last state capitol buildings in the nation to be located in an urban center when it was finished in 1899 after a 32-year construction period plagued by delays, it is also one of 11 that are not domed. Original architect Thomas Fuller had, in fact, designed a domed Renaissance Revival building, but he was forced off the project due to cost overruns in building the first three stories, and it was later left to various other architects, including Henry Hobson Richardson, to finish the 220 ft structure in the Romanesque Revival mode, and as a result of this discontinuity it is often referred to as "a building at war with itself."</p><br>
<h3>National Register of Historic Places</h3><br>
<p>Albany City Hall, 24 Eagle Street: Henry Hobson Richardson designed the fourth building to house Albany&#39;s government in 1880 when its 1832 predecessor was destroyed by fire. The granite building is considered one of his finest works, although he left the interior to later architects, including Marcus T. Reynolds. In 1927 its 202 ft tower was equipped with the first municipal carillon in America.</p><br>
<p>Cathedral of All Saints, 62 South Swan Street: Richardson lost the contest to design this 1884 structure to the then relatively unknown Robert W. Gibson, who had, unlike Richardson, followed the design specifications. The Gothic Revival stone and brick structure was completed four years later. William Croswell Doane, bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Albany, had meant it to be the center of a "mother church" complex similar to those in some English diocesan seats, but the completion of the SED building two decades later made those plans impossible. Even the cathedral itself remains incomplete, with two foundations for higher rear spires in its rear.</p><br>
<p>Old Albany Academy Building, Academy Park: Philip Hooker&#39;s 1815 stone neoclassical design for the school is the oldest civic building in the city, and the less altered of his two remaining non-residential buildings. Joseph Henry would later demonstrate the existence of electromagnetism in experiments there, and the building was named for him. It has been home to the Albany City School District since 1930.</p><br>
<p>New York Court of Appeals Building, 20 Eagle Street: Built originally in 1842 as State Hall, this late Greek Revival structure with thick load-bearing walls housed several other government offices in addition to the state&#39;s highest court. Its decoration features all three classical orders.</p><br>
<p>New York State Education Department Building, 89 Washington Avenue: This monumental 1912 Classical Revival stone building, with its colonnade running the length of the block, was the first building in America to house a state government&#39;s education agency. Commissioner Andrew Sloan Draper made sure the two stories Doane had persuaded the legislature to limit the building to were nevertheless high enough to obstruct the view of All Saints from the rest of the city. Originally it also housed the state library and museum until they moved to separate quarters in the 1970s.</p><br>
<h3>Others</h3><br>
<p>83 and 85 Columbia Street: These two pre-Civil War townhouses have unusual bowed facades.</p><br>
<p>98 Columbia Street: The residence of architect Marcus T. Reynolds during his earliest and latest years. He grew up here, raised by his father and aunt after his mother died while he was very young. After his professional success, he bought the house and remodeled it.</p><br>
<p>99 Columbia Street: Local cabinetmaker John Meads built what is probably another Hooker design in 1829. While its original concave entrance has been moved to the Albany Institute of History & Art, Meads&#39; interior carvings remain.</p><br>
<p>107 Columbia Street: Joseph Henry lived here while he was teaching and experimenting at the Albany Academy. His house was actually one of the two Federal style buildings that have since been combined.</p><br>
<p>2 Elk Street: Several years after this 1827 townhouse was completed, Governor William L. Marcy made it his official residence. It is believed to have been designed by Hooker, since it complements the Academy building across the street. Congressman Rufus H. King lived there later in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>4 Elk Street: Built around the same time as its neighbor, this townhouse was owned by, and at times home to, Martin van Buren; his son and daughter-in-law lived there after his presidency. It was visited by her nephew, the young Henry James; later it was the home of Franklin D. Roosevelt for one of his terms in the State Senate.</p><br>
<p>6 Elk Street: When this red brick house was built in 1834, it was one of the largest on the street and one of Albanys best Greek Revival houses. William Patterson Van Rensselaer, a descendant of one of colonial Albanys wealthiest and most prominent families, built it upon his marriage. Later it would serve as the deanery for the cathedral.</p><br>
<p>17 Elk Street: This ornate Gothic Revival townhouse displaced 6 and 7 Elk as the grandest on the block when it was finished in 1845. Builder John V. L. Pruyn was a consolidator of the New York Central Railroad and later a state senator, USA Representative, regent of the University of the State of New York.</p><br>
<p>21 Elk Street: Orr and Cunningham, the builders of Pruyn&#39;s house, are considered to have surpassed it with this one, built in 1845 for John Adams Dix. It is unlikely however that he lived there for any length of time since he was elected to the USA Senate by the legislature later that year in a special election. Pruyn lived there for a while instead, and Hamilton Fish made it his residence during his term as governor.</p><br>
<p>25 Elk Street: Daniel D. Barnard, an assemblyman, Congressman, and later ambassador to Prussia lived here between the 1830s and 1850s. He also owned the now-demolished 1 Elk Street, which he rented to several other politicians, including three governors.</p><br>
<p>29 Elk Street: A striking house of brick laid in Flemish bond, with marble Doric columns on the first floor topped by ionic ones on the second, this was the residence of Episcopal bishop William Croswell Doane from his appointment in 1869 to his death four decades later. It continued to be the residence of subsequent bishops through the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Albany County Courthouse, 16 Eagle Street: The last of the large government buildings in the district to be erected, this 1910s granite and limestone Classical Revival design was meant to be sympathetic with the Court of Appeals building next door, featuring the same combination of Doric columns at the lower levels and Ionic columns above. Its intricate ornamentation extends to its bronze doors and cast iron exterior lamps with an acanthus motif. Inside it is centered around a two-story light court with marble Doric and Ionic columns and a vaulted ceiling of stained glass.</p><br>
<p>Hawk Street Viaduct Abutment and Railing, North Hawk Street: These are all that remains of the Hawk Street Viaduct, believed to have been the first cantilevered arch bridge when it was built in 1888 to carry pedestrians over Sheridan Hollow to and from the working-class neighborhoods north of downtown. It was dismantled in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>Parks</h2><br>
<p>Academy Park: The first park in the district was created in 1833 and named for the nearby school. In its two acres (2 acre) is a statute of Joseph Henry, commemorating his discovery of electromagnetism in the nearby building.</p><br>
<p>East Capitol Park: A statute of Civil War general Phillip Sheridan, who lived in Albany as a boy, stands between Eagle Street and the main steps of the state capitol building. Daniel Chester French lobbied to have it placed here after sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward&#39;s death.</p><br>
<p>Lafayette Park: The larger portion of land west of the Academy building was a developed block until the 1920s. The resulting park was named in honor of the Marquis de Lafayette, who lived in the city during 1778 and returned during his 1824 visit.</p><br>
<p>West Capitol Park: A modest 1898 design by the sons of legendary park designer Frederick Law Olmsted was eventually expanded to its present size in the 1930s by several other architects in an attempt to create one of the "courts of honor" favored by the City Beautiful movement. Its statue is a replica of Jean-Antoine Houdon&#39;s George Washington, facing the capitol, placed to commemorate the bicentennial of his birth.</p><br>
<p>The Goodnow House is a historic two-story stone house located at 2301 Claflin Road in Manhattan, Kansas, United States. It was built in 1857 in the Plains Vernacular style. From 1861 Isaac Goodnow and his wife, Ellen lived in the house. Goodnow was an abolitionist and co-founder of both Kansas State University and Manhattan.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Goodnow House is a stone structure with gable roofs over a two-story main block and a one-story wing. The rough limestone walls are accented by smooth quoins at the corners. Several additions were made over the years. There is a cellar under the 1857 section.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Goodnow and his wife Ellen had no children. Hattie Parkerson, a niece whom they had adopted, inherited the house after Ellen died in 1900. After Hatties death in 1940, the house was passed to a friend, Mary Payne, who later donated it and many of the Goodnows belongings to the Kansas Historical Society, a state agency which operates it today as the Goodnow House State Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>On February 24, 1971, the Goodnow House was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house "tells the story of free-staters".</p><br>
<p>The Pawnee Indian Museum State Historic Site, designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 14RP1, is an archaeological site and museum located near the city of Republic in the state of Kansas in the Midwestern United States. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places under the name Pawnee Indian Village Site.</p><br>
<h2>Pawnee history</h2><br>
<p>At the site are the remains of a village once occupied by the Kitkehahki, or Republican, band of the Pawnee tribe of Native Americans. It is one of four known Kitkehahki sites in the Republican River valley. The dates of occupation of this particular village are not known; the Kitkehahki intermittently occupied the Republican valley from the 1770s to the 1820s.</p><br>
<p>After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Spain and the United States disputed possession of the Louisiana Territory. Both nations sought allies among the Native American peoples of the territory, including the Pawnees. In 1806, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike led an expedition into the southwestern portions of the Territory. He visited a Pawnee village soon after the departure of a much larger Spanish expedition; there, he persuaded the inhabitants to haul down a Spanish flag and to replace it with that of the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation and archaeology</h2><br>
<p>In the 1870s, Elizabeth A. Johnson of Republic County became interested in Pikes flag episode. She discovered this site in 1875 and, after studying Pikes journals and investigating another reported Pawnee site in southern Nebraska, concluded that this was the village that Pike had visited. To protect the site from being plowed, she and her husband bought the land. In 1901, the Johnsons donated the site to the state of Kansas for historic preservation.</p><br>
<p>The state appropriated $3,000 to fence the land and build a 26 ft granite monument commemorating the 1806 flag incident. At the 1901 dedication ceremony, several of the speakers drew parallels between Pike&#39;s symbolic triumph over Spain and the recent American victory in the Spanish–American War. In 1906, a four-day celebration was held to mark the centennial of the Pike episode.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent research showed that Pike&#39;s expedition had not visited this village, but the Kitkehahki village now known as the Pike-Pawnee Village Site, located on the Republican River in Webster County in south-central Nebraska. The error was a fortunate one, however: it led to the preservation of this site, whereas the Nebraska site had been degraded by years of cultivation.</p><br>
<p>Some archaeological investigation at the site was conducted in 1933, 1949, and 1957. Intensive investigation took place from 1965 to 1968. In 1967, a museum was constructed around one of the earth lodges prior to its excavation; the excavated lodge has been left open, with many artifacts in situ. The museum is operated by the Kansas Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The 1901 monument at the site was damaged by a tornado in 2004. As a historically significant structure, it has been restored, but not to its original height and appearance.</p><br>
<p>The Singleton House near Eatonton, Georgia was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is located southwest of Eatonton, off Georgia Route 16. More specifically, it is about seven miles west of Eatonton, then one mile south of the intersection of Highway 16 and Georgia Highway 142, on the right fork of a what was a dirt road in 1974. In 2018, it may be located off what is now named McMillen Road, and may be the structure at exactly 33.297786&deg;N latitude, 83.493705&deg;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>The house, which has also been known as the Singleton-McMillen House, was built around 1854. It is a Greek Revival-style plantation house once associated with about 1,500 acre of farmland.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed notable as "an outstanding cultural example of a modest, yet classically sophisticated plantation residence that was originally owned by prominent Putnam County citizens David and Rebecca Singleton."</p><br>
<p>Sylvester Commercial Historic District is a historic district in Sylvester, Georgia that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1987. It includes the Worth County Local Building which is separately NRHP-listed.</p><br>
<p>Prominent resources within the district include:</p><br>
<p>Sylvester Banking Company (1910), which was Sylvester City Hall in 1987, 101 North Main Street. (see accompanying photo 13). It is a two-story granite Classical Revival style building, with Corinthian pilasters.</p><br>
<p>First National Bank of Sylvester (c. 1915), which was WXZE Radio in 1987, 102 North Isabella Street (photo 8). Neoclassical, with a metal cornice.</p><br>
<p>Alford Building (c. 1910), 115-119 North Main Street (photo 14). Largest historic commercial building in Sylvester. A Masonic Lodge once used the third floor of this three-story red brick Commercial Style building.</p><br>
<p>Worth County Local Building (1911), 118 North Isabella Street (Photo 6), separately NRHP-listed. Originally a newspaper office, its architecture is a vernacular version of Beaux-Arts architecture.</p><br>
<p>C.W. Hillhouse Building (1897), 125 E. Front Street (photo 12). Originally a hardware store. Asserted to be "the best local example of a late Victorian commercial building." It has hooded second-story windows and "an elaborate metal cornice".</p><br>
<p>T.C. Jefford Block (1911-1924), 106-108-110-112 East Kelly Street (photo 2). It has four one-story commercial facades, two with original prism glass over their entrances.</p><br>
<p>Sylvia Theater (1915), 118 East Kelly Street (photo 1). First movie theater in Sylvester. "It has a red brick facade with white marble geometric decorative patterns."</p><br>
<p>Lexington Historic District in Lexington, Mississippi is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>It included 225 contributing buildings, a Confederate monument, the brick streets of the district (considered to be a separate resource), and 94 non-contributing buildings. Three resources were already listed on the National Register as the Holmes County Courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The American Thread Building is a historic building located at 260 West Broadway on the corner of Beach Street in the TriBeCa neighborhood of lower Manhattan, New York City. The eleven story building was designed in the Renaissance Revival style by architect William B. Tubby, and built in 1896. It was originally known as the Wool Exchange Building, and owned by the Wool Warehouse Company. The wool company did not succeed and the building was acquired by the American Thread Company in 1907.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 a group of young artist made a stand against real estate developer Harry B. Macklowe. He emptied a 93% occupied building of its rent paying tenants with the help of the J51 tax abatement offered by then NYC mayor Ed Koch. It was a lost battle in the New York City courts and the building was renovated and converted into live/work lofts in 1981.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 20, 2005.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, a renovation of one of the units uncovered an early work by artist Keith Haring.</p><br>
<p>The Corbin Building  is a historic office building at the northeast corner of John Street and Broadway in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. It was built in 1888–1889 as a speculative development and was designed by Francis H. Kimball in the Romanesque Revival style with French Gothic detailing. The building was named for Austin Corbin, a president of the Long Island Rail Road who also founded several banks.</p><br>
<p>The Corbin Building has a polychrome exterior of brick, brownstone and terracotta featuring rounded arches with terracotta detailing, while its interior vaulted ceilings employ a Guastavino tile system. Structurally, it preceded the use of steel skeletons for skyscrapers, utilizing cast-iron beams and masonry walls that were load-bearing. The Corbin Building sits on a narrow trapezoidal lot with 160 ft of frontage on John Street and 20 ft on Broadway. It was significantly taller than others around at the time it was built.</p><br>
<p>The building was rehabilitated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) as part of its Fulton Center project, which comprised improvements to the New York City Subway&#39;s adjoining Fulton Street station. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on December 18, 2003, and designated a New York City Landmark on June 23, 2015. It is also a contributing property to the Fulton–Nassau Historic District, an NRHP district created in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The Corbin Building is in the Financial District of Manhattan, at the northeast corner of Broadway and John Street. 195 Broadway is to the northwest, while the Fulton Building—the head house of the New York City Subway&#39;s Fulton Center station complex, served by the —is to the north. The lot has an irregular trapezoidal shape and measures 20 ft on Broadway to the west, 162.83 ft on John Street to the south, 49.08 ft to the east, and 161.33 ft to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Francis H. Kimball designed the Corbin Building. Most of the building is eight stories high, but there are two single-story towers with pyramidal roofs on the extreme western and eastern ends.</p><br>
<p>The Corbin Building is considered to be a "transitional" building in the history of early skyscrapers: it was developed after the elevator had been introduced but before skeleton-framed skyscrapers were built. There are wrought iron horizontal beams and cast-iron columns in the internal structure, although the building was also supported by brick, concrete, terracotta, and tile, which also served to fireproof the structure. The internal structure was supported on masonry walls that were load-bearing. The Corbin Building utilized "cage construction" in which the steel structure supported the floors, but not the outer walls. Guastavino tile was utilized on the ceilings, roof, and floors to provide extra fireproofing, and the Corbin Building was supposedly the city&#39;s first structure to use such technology. It also used architectural terracotta supplied by the New York Architectural Terra-Cotta Company.</p><br>
<p>The Corbin Building is 135 ft tall. Because the internal structure was not completely made of steel, skyscrapers of the 1880s such as the Corbin Building were generally limited to ten stories. As such, it was significantly taller than others around at the time it was built. It was reported to be the tallest commercial building in New York City at the time of its completion, but both the New York Tribune and Western Union buildings of 1873 far exceeded the Corbin Building&#39;s height, at 260 and, respectively. Architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern stated that "smaller infill buildings" such as the Corbin Building had tended "to experiment with new forms and unusual compositions" since 1880.</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>The building&#39;s facade contains one bay on Broadway and eight on John Street. The facades are horizontally divided into the ground story, two midsections of three stories each, and an attic. The lowest three stories on both sides are made of Long Meadow brownstone, while the upper stories are clad with light brick surrounded by red-brown terracotta trim. On both of the visible facades, there are belt courses above the first four stories, as well as above the seventh story. A terracotta cornice resembling an arcade runs above the eighth story, while a smaller terracotta cornice runs above the ninth story. The decorations of the Corbin Building resemble those used on other nearby structures like the Potter Building and Temple Court Building.</p><br>
<p>An identical fenestration pattern is used on the Broadway facade and on either of the outermost bays on John Street, collectively known as the end bays. These bays form the facades of the "end pavilions", the only parts of the building that are nine stories high. The ground floor of the Broadway facade and the westernmost bay on John Street has stone arches supported by stone piers, while in the easternmost bay on John Street, the ground floor has a service entrance. The cornice above the first story of the end bays is supported by brackets and doubles as the second-story window sill. The second to fourth floors of the end bays are located within triple-story round arches.</p><br>
<p>The six center bays on John Street also use an identical fenestration pattern to each other. At ground level, the main entrance to the building is on the second bay from the east, and is recessed within a decorative round arch. The interior of the arch contains ornate details, while the exterior is supported by heavy stone piers and is topped by a keystone, a Gothic molding, and a small blind arcade of four pairs of arches. The other bays contain a steel-and-glass enclosure with doors leading inside to a set of escalators, which in turn connect to the Fulton Center. On the second through fourth floors, the six center bays contain 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, and 2 windows per floor from west to east. The second- and third-story windows are rectangular, with sills projecting from the third-story windows, while the fourth-story windows are arched with terracotta surrounds. The fifth through seventh stories of the center bays contain triple-story round arches. On the eighth story, each of the center bays has three segmental arch windows with terracotta pilasters, similar to in the end bays.</p><br>
<p>The windows in the triple-height arches (the second through fourth floors on the end bays, and the fifth through seventh floors on the center bays) have cast-iron surrounds with Gothic foliate decorative elements. Each floor of the triple arches is separated by decorative spandrels. The lower two stories of each triple arches contain a grid of three panes by three panes on each floor. Decorative vertical mullions separate the panes in each bay, which are angled slightly outward, while the horizontal transoms are not decorated. The uppermost story of each triple arch has five window panes: two below the sides of the triple-height arch and three underneath the center with horizontal transoms.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior space is relatively narrow compared to other Financial District buildings, being 46 ft wide at its widest point. There was a light court within the Corbin Building that illuminated the second through eighth stories, and has a large open staircase with wooden handrails, metal as well as railing panels and corner posts. An elevator bank is near the staircase. The ground floor was used as a bank and had an open floor plan. Girders were attached to metal columns between the first-floor ceiling and the building&#39;s roof, forming the light court.</p><br>
<p>Since its early-21st-century renovation, the ground floor has contained commercial space and escalators to the underground Fulton Street station, with a direct entrance to the uptown platform of the Lexington Avenue Line station (served by the ). A total of 31,000 ft&sup2; of commercial office space in the above-ground levels of the building is leased out.</p><br>
<p>An interstitial structure has been built between the Corbin Building and the Fulton Center with a freight elevator and two passenger elevators. The addition brings the Corbin Building into compliance with modern building regulations, and gives added support to the Corbin Building. However, the interstitial building is considered to be a part of the Fulton Center&#39;s main building to the north.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Corbin Buildings site was owned by the Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church through the 19th century, though records do not show when the church acquired the site. The site may have been part of a 1724 bequest to the church by landowner John Haberdinck. The lot was leased in 1869 to the North American Fire Insurance Company, which defaulted on the site three years later. Austin Corbin, president of the Long Island Rail Road, acquired the site in 1881, when there were four buildings on the site. In 1886, he signed a 21-year lease with the church in which he was to pay $18,000 in annual rent. The property records show that, as part of the agreement, Corbin would not build a church, school, hospital, charitable building, theater, museum, gambling house, liquor venue, or "a building for noxious uses" on what would become the Corbin Buildings site.</p><br>
<h3>Construction and early use</h3><br>
<p>Corbin wished to design a building on the property, which would house his banking firm, with extra space left over for him to rent out. Francis H. Kimball was ultimately responsible for the final design. Intended as a speculative development, the Corbin Building was erected within 11 months</p><br>
<p>The Corbin Banking Company leased space in the building until it went bankrupt in 1907. The Corbin Building Company subsequently sold the building in 1908 to the Chatham National Bank of New York; at the time, the land was still held by the Dutch Reformed Church. Chatham National was a long-term lessee of the ground-floor space. The Corbin Building Company apparently became a Chatham National subsidiary, and in 1925, the Schulte Cigar Stores Company bought the building and land lease from the Corbin Building Company. In 1937, jeweler Herman A. Groen leased the corner space from the Dutch Reformed Church.</p><br>
<h3>Renovation</h3><br>
<p>After several pieces of transit infrastructure in Lower Manhattan were destroyed or severely damaged during the September 11 attacks in 2001, government officials proposed a $7 billion redesign of transit in the neighborhood, one of which was the Fulton Center. After the Fulton Center project was announced, the World Monuments Fund listed the Corbin Building as one of the 100 most endangered historic sites globally, and one of about 300 historical sites in Lower Manhattan. Other buildings, such as the adjoining Childs Restaurants location and the Girard Building on Broadway, were demolished. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 2003. The same year, the end bays and main entrance were cleaned and renovated. In 2005, the Corbin Building was designated as a contributing property to the Fulton–Nassau Historic District, a NRHP district.</p><br>
<p>The building was rehabilitated as part of the Fulton Center project, with Judlau Contracting as main contractors, Page Ayres Cowley Architects as sub-consultants, and Arup Group as designer. The project cost $59 million. The ground and basement levels of the building were incorporated into the Fulton Center, serving as an entrance to the subway station below. During construction, the Corbin Building was underpinned by mini-piles that were placed manually due to the small lot area. Sensors and other devices were used to ensure building safety. Foundation work uncovered a well lined with stone, which contained artifacts dating to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, such as newspapers from 1889, an invoice for a jewelry company, and handwritten accounts of stock trades. The underpinning was required due to the rehabilitation of the platforms and the transit building construction. The building as a whole is integrated into the Fulton Center project, with escalators at John Street descending to the platforms and the Fulton Building.</p><br>
<p>The Corbin Building reopened in December 2012, with retail space returning to the ground floor. In 2015, the Corbin Building was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. The coworking firm WeWork leased space in the Corbin Building in 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Reception</h2><br>
<p>The Real Estate Record and Guide described the Corbin Building in 1898 as "another example of profuse decoration of surfaces" by Kimball, besides his previous Our Saviour New York building. The Guide said that the surfaces, "together with the color of the terra cotta, produces effects at once agreeable and varied, and almost unattainable in any other material". Another critic in the Guide said that the building was "in many points highly successful, and at all points extremely interesting", although the unnamed critic disapproved of the facades division into two horizontal sections, rather than into three such sections. Architectural critic Montgomery Schuyler also negatively viewed Kimballs division of the Corbin Building&#39;s facade into two sections. However, Schuyler said that the contrast between the brownstone base and the brick-and-terracotta upper stories helped unite the two sections, and also praised the Broadway pavilion "work out naturally and effectively into a tower".</p><br>
<p>Modern critics have also praised the Corbin Building. Architectural writers Sarah Landau and Carl Condit wrote in 1996 that the building exhibited "fine detail and slablike proportions".</p><br>
<p>Rosemont, also known as Rosemont Plantation, Poplar Grove or Hale House, was built in 1814 in Woodville, Mississippi. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and designated a Mississippi Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The house is the family and boyhood home of Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America 1861–1865. It is open to the public for tours.</p><br>
<p>It may be included within the Woodville Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Robbins & Appleton Building is a historic building at 1–5 Bond Street between Broadway and Lafayette Street in the NoHo neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. Built in 1879–1880, it was designed by architect Stephen Decatur Hatch in the Second Empire style. The building features an ornate cast iron facade and mansard roof; it was originally used for the manufacture of watch cases and by publisher D. Appleton & Company. It was converted in 1986 to residential use.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1979, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Portsmouth Athenæum is an independent membership library, gallery, and museum in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States. It preserves and provides access to an extensive collection of manuscripts, rare books, photographs, artworks and artifacts, and digital collections related to local history and genealogy, in addition to a circulating library for its membership. As an intellectual center of the community, it sponsors exhibitions, concerts, lectures, and other educational and cultural programs. The building, dating to 1805, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1973.</p><br>
<h2>The Athenæum Society</h2><br>
<p>The Athenæum was incorporated in 1817 as the Portsmouth Athenæum Society. The institutions 1805 Federal style building, located on Market Square at the citys heart, was acquired by the society in 1823. It was designed by architect Bradbury Johnson (1766–1820) as the office for the New Hampshire Fire & Marine Insurance Company, which went bankrupt. In 1981 and 1995, the Athenæum expanded into the adjacent building at 6–8 Market Square to accommodate its Shaw Research Library and Randall Gallery.</p><br>
<p>Like most athenæums, it combines the functions of a library with those of a gallery and museum. The institution retains certain nineteenth-century customs—members are "proprietors," and the director is "keeper." Its collection includes more than 40,000 volumes, with an archive of about 12,000 photographs, 4,000 of which are posted on the Athenæum&#39;s website.</p><br>
<p>Portsmouth was once a major New England seaport. As a consequence, the Athenæum has a strong emphasis on maritime history, particularly shipbuilding at Badger&#39;s Island and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, both located across the Piscataqua River in Kittery, Maine. Walls are hung with paintings of ships and the half models used to plan their construction. There are portraits of prominent figures from Portsmouth and the region, including sea captains, merchants and shipbuilders. The reading room features a full-length portrait of Sir Peter Warren.</p><br>
<h3>Portraits</h3><br>
<h3>Hours</h3><br>
<p>The Shaw Research Library and Randall Gallery are open to the public without charge.</p><br>
<p>Tuesdays through Saturdays, 1 p.m. to 4 p.m.</p><br>
<p>Or by special appointment</p><br>
<p>Ghent Historic District is a national historic district located at New Bern, Craven County, North Carolina, United States. It encompasses 191 contributing buildings developed as a suburban residential neighborhood in New Bern between 1912 and 1941. The district is characterized by dwellings in the Colonial Revival and Bungalow / American Craftsman styles.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>56 Pine Street &ndash; originally known as the Wallace Building after its developer, James Wallace &ndash; at 56-58 Pine Street between Pearl and William Streets in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City, was built in 1893-94 and was designed by Oscar Wirz in the Romanesque Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s facade consists of brick, stone and terra cotta and features colonnettes, deeply inset windows and rounded arched openings. The flowered panels and fantastic heads which embellish the building is "some of the finest Byzantine carving in New York."</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1997 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a NRHP district created in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Christodora House is a historic building located at 143 Avenue B in the East Village/Alphabet City neighborhoods of Manhattan, New York City. It was designed by architect Henry C. Pelton  in the American Perpendicular Style and constructed in 1928 as a settlement house for low-income and immigrant residents, providing food, shelter, and educational and health services.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building, as originally conceived, included a gym, swimming pool, music school and theater. It was financed by Mr and Mrs Arthur Curtiss James, at a cost of over $1 million.</p><br>
<p>Initially, the 16 stories of the building housed a music school, a pool and gymnasium, a library, clubhouses, workshops, offices, and two kitchens. These spaces were on the lower five floors of the building, and open to the public and settlement members. One floor housed the settlement workers, and the top nine floors were rented out as residences to provide income for the work of the settlement. The opening of the building was widely covered in the newspapers of the day. The building, particularly its height and style, were intended to be seen as symbolic and inspiring: towering, modern, up to date, airy, clean and fireproof, its character representing the best in the character of the neighborhood. Today, the building hosts a diverse group of residences. Many are groups or organizations active in the community, such as The East Village Community Coalition, which has an office in the building.</p><br>
<p>The swimming pool and gymnasium can no longer be used. Zoning for these facilities stipulated "community access," and the facilities cannot be modified to provide the disabled access mandated by law.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the mid-1960s, a variety of unsanctioned community activities took place in the lower floors of the buildings. Police raided and closed the building in 1969. Use of the space continued. Stories from this period include that the national headquarters of the Black Panthers was housed in the building, and that it was used as the setting for several pornographic films. The city sold the property for $62,500 in 1975.</p><br>
<p>By 1986, the building had been sold numerous times, and began to be converted into condominiums. For many area residents, this was the first sign of gentrification.</p><br>
<p>On March 20, 1986, Christodora House was added to the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>The August 7, 1988 Tompkins Square Park Riot, provoked partially by the area&#39;s gentrification, spilled over into Christodora House. Rioters chanted "Die Yuppie Scum" in reference to the supposed "yuppie scum" residents of the building. The front doors were smashed and rioters ransacked the lobby of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Famous past or present residents include Walter Tandy Murch, Iggy Pop, Vincent D&#39;Onofrio, Freedy Johnston, Marisa Monte, George Pendle, Andres Levin, Joe Dietrich, Douglas Rushkoff, and Michael Rosen.</p><br>
<p>Hedge fund manager Brian Kim owned and lived in an apartment at Christodora House.</p><br>
<p>The West Hill Historic District is a prestigious residential subdivision of the town of West Hartford, Connecticut. Originally the site of the estate of Cornelius J. Vanderbilt, son of transportation magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, it was developed as a planned subdivision of upper-class residences in the 1920s. It was established as a local historic district in 1988, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The West Hill subdivision is located east of West Hartford center, on the north side of Farmingtion Avenue between Vanderbilt Road and Hamilton Avenue. West Hill Drive consists of a semi-circular loop with ends on Farmington Avenue, and a longer loop extending northward from that one. The subdivision is flanked on two sides by a low brownstone wall that was originally part of the Vanderbilt estate, and is entered through original openings flanked by piers. The subdivision has 25 residences, set on properties roughly 0.5 acre in size. All are two stories in height, and of similar massing and setback, although they differ stylistically. Fourteen of the houses are Colonial Revival in style, nine are Tudor Revival, and two are a combination of the two styles. All but two are finished in either brick or stucco.</p><br>
<p>Land for the West Hill estate was purchased in 1857 by "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt as a place for his epileptic son Cornelius Jeremiah Vanderbilt to live. It was not immediately developed, and was sold by the father in 1872 and repurchased by the son in 1879. He had the estate developed, but never lived there, and committed suicide in New York City in 1882. The estate was purchased by Ira Dimock in 1888. Dimocks son demolished the mansion in 1918, and platted out the subdivision. The further development of the area was constrained by a number of restrictive covenants, including stipulations that the wall be retained, setbacks of the house from West Hill Drive be exactly 15 ft, the house cost at least $10,000, and that it be designed by a seller-approved architect. The development process was largely overseen by Dimocks business partner Horace Grant. Early residents of the area were mainly prominent local businessmen.</p><br>
<p>Cast Iron House  at the corner of Franklin Street and Broadway in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, formerly known as the James White Building, was built in 1881–82 and was designed by W. Wheeler Smith in the Italianate style. It features a cast-iron facade, and is a good example of late cast-iron architecture. The building was renovated by architect Joseph Pell Lombardi in 2000, and a restoration of the facade began in 2009. The building once housed the offices of Scientific American from 1884 to 1915, but it was primarily used in connection with the textile trade.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark on July 27, 1982, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 15, 1983.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, Shigeru Ban Architects announced plans to convert the James White Building into a 13-unit luxury condominium building, known as the Cast Iron House. A gut renovation was completed in 2021, with contemporary double-height living spaces inserted behind the restored cast-iron façade. As part of the project, the existing floor slabs were removed, and the six-story structure was expanded to seven stories. A two-story penthouse structure, with two duplex apartments, was installed on the roof of 361 Broadway using a Vierendeel truss system. To avoid adding stress to the historic façade, the independent structural system was devised to manage the additional load of the new penthouse floor using the existing foundation.</p><br>
<p>Firehouse, Engine Company 31 is a historic fire station located at 87 Lafayette Street between Walker and White Streets in the Tribeca and Civic Center neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City. It was built in 1895 and designed by architects Napoleon LeBrun & Sons, who styled it after early-16th-century chateaux in the Loire Valley of France.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City Landmark in 1966 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The New York City Fire Department vacated the building in November 1972, and it is currently occupied by the Downtown Community Television Center (DCTV).</p><br>
<p>108 Leonard  is a residential structure in the Tribeca neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City, New York, United States. Built from 1894 to 1898, the building was constructed for the New York Life Insurance Company. Stephen Decatur Hatch created the original plans while McKim, Mead & White oversaw the building&#39;s completion. The building occupies a city block bounded by Broadway to the west, Leonard Street to the north, Lafayette Street to the east, and Catherine Lane to the south. It is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The exterior is largely made of marble, and each elevation of the facade is divided vertically into multiple bays. Although the main entrance is on Leonard Street, the western and eastern ends also contain entrances and are clad with rusticated stone blocks. On the upper stories, band courses run horizontally across the facade, and there are arched and rectangular windows. Along Broadway, above the 12th story, is an ornate clock tower, with a mechanically wound clock. A two-story penthouse is placed above the original roof. Inside the building are 152 condominium residences. The entrances lead to various lobbies, stairs, and hallways, some of which are elaborately decorated. In addition, there is a banquet hall within a former banking room near Lafayette Street; former executive offices on the lower floors; and residential amenities in the cellar and on the roof.</p><br>
<p>The present building at 346 Broadway was constructed in two phases, replacing a previous structure built in 1870. The eastern section was completed in 1896 as an annex of the previous building, while the western section was built in 1898 to replace the older building entirely. New York Life occupied the rebuilt edifice for three decades, moving to 51 Madison Avenue in 1928, although the firm continued to own the building until 1945. Clothing firms also rented space in the building during the early 20th century, and 346 Broadway hosted various USA federal and New York state government offices from the 1930s to the 1960s. After the government of New York City acquired the building in 1967, the structure housed the Summons Court and other judicial functions, as well as an art gallery. The Peebles Corporation and El-Ad Group bought the building for $160 million in 2013 and renovated it for residential use. Following various legal issues, the first condominiums in the building were sold in March 2018.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>108 Leonard is in the Tribeca neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York City, at 346 Broadway. The land lot is trapezoidal and covers. The site is long and narrow, measuring about wide on both Leonard Street to the north and Catherine Lane to the south. However, it only measures wide on Broadway and about wide on Lafayette Street. There are vaults under the sidewalk on Broadway, Catherine Lane, and Leonard Street. Nearby sites include 319 Broadway to the southwest; 33 Thomas Street to the west; 359 Broadway and 361 Broadway to the northwest; and the Jacob K. Javits Federal Building to the south.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the development of the current building, the site had been occupied by the Appleton Building, designed by Frederic Diaper and built from 1838 to 1840. The building housed the New York Society Library until 1856, when publishing firm D. Appleton & Company moved into the space. The D. Appleton structure burned down in 1867 and was replaced with the first New York Life building on the site, designed by Griffith Thomas and completed in 1870. Until 1894, the site also contained a firehouse for Engine 31 of the New York City Fire Department, at 116 Leonard Street, as well as the clubhouse of the Merchant&#39;s Club at 108 Leonard Street.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>108 Leonard was constructed as the New York Life Building and was finished in two phases. The eastern part of the building was built from 1894 to 1896 and was initially designed by Stephen Decatur Hatch, who died midway during construction. McKim, Mead & White oversaw the completion of the eastern section. The western part of the building, including a three-story clock tower, was constructed from 1896 to 1898</p><br>
<p>108 Leonard occupies its entire block and has a narrow massing. The site slopes downward from west to east, so the building is 12 stories tall at its western end and 13 stories tall at its eastern end. Including the clock tower, the building has 15 physical above-ground stories; the top three stories are within the clock tower.EfnEl-Ad classifies the true number of stories above ground as "construction floors", which are labeled with a different "marketing floor" number. Numbering is as follows:</p><br>
<p>Cellar, cellar mezzanine – not numbered</p><br>
<p>Basement – floor 1</p><br>
<p>1st through 11th stories – floors 2 through 12 (floor number 13 is skipped)</p><br>
<p>12th story – floor 14</p><br>
<p>12th-story mezzanine – floor 14M</p><br>
<p>13th through 15th stories – floors 15 through 17</p><br>
<h3>Facade</h3><br>
<p>108 Leonard&#39;s facade is largely made of white Tuckahoe marble, except the southern elevation, which is made of brick and terracotta. The facade is divided vertically into 26 bays to the north and south, three bays to the west, and five bays to the east. The northern and southern elevations are flanked by end pavilions measuring three bays wide, and there is also a four-bay-wide entrance pavilion at the center of the northern elevation. There are three residential entrances, one each on Broadway, Leonard Street, and Lafayette Street. In addition, there is an entrance on Broadway leading to retail space; an entrance on Leonard Street, leading to a community facility and banking hall; a garage door on Leonard Street; and three service entrances on Catherine Lane.</p><br>
<p>The exterior walls are made of marble, granite, terracotta, and brick, while the windows are generally made of glass and aluminum. Surrounding the entire building at the 13th story (floor 15) are stone parapets, which are decorated with openwork motifs of interlocking circles. In addition, floors 16 and 17 are surrounded by glass-and-aluminum parapets.</p><br>
<h4>Broadway pavilion</h4><br>
<p>The western end of 108 Leonard comprises a pavilion measuring three bays wide on Broadway, Catherine Lane, and Leonard Street. All three elevations of this pavilion are clad with rusticated blocks of marble. but these were removed in 1912 at the request of the government of New York City. The capitals of each column are decorated with rosettes and swags in a modified Ionic order. The archways themselves contain cast-bronze window frames above the doors, while the vestibule&#39;s ceiling contains a coffered ceiling with an eagle motif at the center. On either side of the entrance are panels with acanthus motifs.</p><br>
<p>The third story contains round-arched windows, separated by lions&#39; heads and garlands; the corners are decorated with cartouches. In addition, the windows on the 7th and 10th stories are flanked by panels with acanthus-leaf motifs. At the 11th and 12th stories, the window openings are composed of double-height arches. Above this is a deep cornice with modillions. The attic is surrounded by a balustrade with stone eagles at each of its corners, which represent New York Life. This balustrade supports a clock tower that rises another two stories above the main roof (see ).</p><br>
<h4>Lafayette Street pavilion</h4><br>
<p>The eastern end of 108 Leonard comprises a pavilion measuring five bays wide on Lafayette Street and four bays wide on Catherine Lane and Leonard Street. On the eastern elevation, the center bay projects slightly from the facade. At ground level (actually the basement), there is a low archway with two columns on either side. The center windows on the 1st and 2nd stories contain colonnettes, which divide the archways there into three segments. The other bays each contain one round-arched window on the 1st story and one square-headed window on the 2nd story.</p><br>
<p>There are two windows per bay in the remaining stories; the windows on the 3rd, 4th, 10th, and 12th stories are round-arched, while the other windows are square-headed. Band courses and cornices run horizontally across this pavilion above each of the first four stories and above the 6th, 7th, 9th, and 10th stories. As in the Broadway pavilion, there are relief panels between the windows on the 7th and 10th stories. which measures across. The dome of this tower contains a copper roof.</p><br>
<h4>Leonard Street and Catherine Lane</h4><br>
<p>For the most part, the Leonard Street and Catherine Lane elevations are divided into bays with two windows per story. At the center of the Leonard Street elevation, there is a three-bay-wide entrance pavilion that projects slightly from the facade. At ground level (actually the basement), the main entrance is through a double-height round arch. The doors in this arch are topped by spandrel panels with foliate patterns. The main entrance is flanked by two pairs of two single-story pilasters, one stacked above the other. The bays on each side of the doorways contain round-arched openings. Above the basement, the central bay of the entrance pavilion contains three windows per story, while the other bays contain two windows. The windows on the upper stories are largely similar in design to those on the rest of the facade.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of the Leonard Street elevation is divided by band courses at the same levels as on the Lafayette Street pavilion. There are nine bays to the west of the entrance pavilion, excluding the Broadway pavilion. In the western bays, the 1st and 2nd stories contain square-headed windows with composite columns between them. There are seven such bays to the east of the entrance pavilion, excluding the Lafayette Street pavilion. These bays contain double-height archways on the 1st and 2nd stories, since these originally overlooked the general office. The windows on the other stories are separated by flat pilasters; the windows on the 3rd, 4th, 10th, and 12th stories are round-arched, while the other windows are square-headed. Above the 12th story is a balustrade with a parapet.</p><br>
<p>The Catherine Lane elevation is mostly clad in gray brick and terracotta, with the exception of the three westernmost and four easternmost bays, which are respectively part of the Broadway and Lafayette Street pavilions. There are two rectangular windows in each bay, except in the end pavilions. As with the Leonard Street elevation, the central three bays project from the facade. There are nine bays to the west and seven bays to the east, excluding the pavilions on either end. The 11th and 12th stories contain round-arched windows above a cornice with modillions.</p><br>
<h3>Roof</h3><br>
<p>The roofs contain insulating membranes, which are covered with pavers. The primary roof above floor 16 contains dormer structures for elevators, stairs, and mechanical equipment.</p><br>
<h4>Clock tower</h4><br>
<p>Above the 12th story, on the Broadway side of the building, is a clock manufactured by the E. Howard Watch and Clock Company. The clock tower was topped with by a, sculpture made by French-American sculptor Philip Martiny. The piece consisted of four crouching figures of Atlas, which supported a hollow globe measuring 15 feet wide. A solid sphere measuring wide was placed within the globe to give the impression of solidity. The globe was topped by a eagle. The gigantic statue was removed sometime after 1928 and has been lost ever since.</p><br>
<p>Inside the clock tower, on the 13th story (labeled as floor 17), is a double-height rectangular room with brick walls, four windows, and exposed ceiling beams. A doorway leads from the room to an outdoor terrace. which is physically on the 15th floor. The bell was made by the McShane Bell Foundry. Until the 2010s, this was one of a few remaining mechanically wound clocks in New York City., the clock was not operational.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The original building&#39;s structural frame consists of steel beams, which are spanned by flat arches made of terracotta and are covered with a layer of concrete. The western section of the original building is supported by built-up groups of columns, while the eastern section contains circular and rectangular cast iron columns. The penthouse contains floor slabs and columns made of cast-in-place concrete. The basement could accommodate a live load of up to 100 psf, while the upper stories could accommodate live loads of. In addition, the stairs, elevator lobbies, public areas, and mechanical areas of the penthouses can accommodate up to, while the apartments in the penthouses can hold up to.</p><br>
<p>When the New York Life Building was constructed, each story was laid out around a passageway that ran from west to east, and the office (later residential) space was clustered north and south of this passageway. There are equipment rooms on the cellar, on floor 14, and on the roof above the penthouse (labeled as floor 16).</p><br>
<h4>Lobby, elevators, and stairs</h4><br>
<p>The Leonard Street entrance leads to a double-height main lobby. The space is designated as a New York City interior landmark and contains a terrazzo floor and marble walls. The north wall of the lobby, on either side of the doorway, contains motifs of triple garlands. These staircases contain marble balustrades, as well as newel posts with bronze globes at the top and bottom of each stair. There is also a bronze chandelier hanging from the center from the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The basement and first story of the main lobby lead to two semicircular elevator banks of similar design. Three new elevator cores (each with two passenger elevators), as well as a service elevator stopping at all stories, were installed during the 2010s renovation.</p><br>
<p>108 Leonard contains six emergency exit stairs, one of which is an official New York City landmark. The landmark-protected stairway is made of stone and cast-iron. It is to the west of the elevator hall, rising to the 14th story. The staircase contains marble steps, classical decorations, and a metal railing decorated with acanthus and Greek key designs. The walls of the stairway contain marble paneling on the lowest two stories, while those on the other stories are decorated with marble dadoes.</p><br>
<h4>Banking room and hallway</h4><br>
<p>The former New York Life banking room, known as the general office, is on the east side of the building, occupying the first and second stories (floors 2 and 3) next to the lobby. The ceiling is painted and contains gilded octagonal coffers, which in turn are separated by a grid of molded bands. The south wall contains a marble safe,</p><br>
<p>East of the banking room, a narrow flight of stairs leads up from floor 2. The staircase contains a decorative metal railing and leads to floor 3 and the general offices balcony. The hallway on floor 3 contains plaster walls; rectangular doorways with console brackets; a plaster ceiling with panels; and a classically inspired cornice. The ceiling of the hallway includes a plaster relief with New York Lifes monogram, as well as caduceus motifs.</p><br>
<h4>Executive offices</h4><br>
<p>The hallway on floor 3 leads to a group of rooms that originally served as executive offices; Hatch may have designed these rooms. These offices were originally decorated with wooden moldings, a pair of fireplace mantels with garlands, and neoclassical doorways, but these were subsequently modified with linoleum floors and fluorescent lights. The ceilings of these rooms contain caduceus motifs and monograms, similar to those in the hallway, while the windows are deeply recessed and rise from the floor. The south wall of the former committee room included an elliptical arch with a tripartite window. The room was relocated to 51 Madison Avenue in 1928.</p><br>
<p>On the fourth story (floor 5), above the eastern end of the building, was a presidents suite designed by McKim, Mead & White. The presidents suite had an anteroom with marble paneling, as well as Ionic pilasters that flanked beige-and-black panels on the walls. The anteroom had six doorways, each of which had a marble floor and wooden doors with etched-glass panels. The paneled ceiling was decorated with rosettes and was surrounded by a molding with a doubled Greek-key motif. This room has also been modified with linoleum floors and fluorescent lights. The presidents office itself was a rectangular space, with rectangular windows to the east and round-arched windows to the north. The walls were decorated with a dado, Ionic pilasters, and a cornice all made of mahogany. The plaster ceiling had three oval panels and was surrounded by garlands, a Greek key motif, and rosettes. The space occupied by the presidents office was converted to residential units 5N and 5P in the 2010s.</p><br>
<p>On the eastern half of the 11th and 12th stories (floors 12 and 14) were the quarters of the Merchants Club, also designed by Armstrong. The lower story of the club contained a hallway measuring across and high. It was decorated with Greek mosaic tiles; a marble wainscoting topped by a light-brown fresco; and a multicolored ceiling. At the far end of the hall was an archway trimmed in brown marble and mahogany, which led to a main dining room. On the right (south) side of the hallway was a reception room; a smoking and reading room; and an office and a cashiers room. All were decorated in leather and contained mahogany furnishings. On the left (north) side of the hallway was a main dining room, decorated in a similar style to the other club rooms. A kitchen and some offices were located on the upper story.</p><br>
<h4>Residences</h4><br>
<p>In the 2010s, the office space was converted to condominiums with between one and four bedrooms. The building has 152 condominiums, which span floors 2 through 16. Four of the units (PH West, 15A, PH North, and PH East) contain private elevators.</p><br>
<p>Each unit&#39;s ceilings range from high; on the three highest stories, the apartments have ceilings measuring up to high. and some of the condos contain exterior terraces. There are fireplaces in two of the apartments on floor 3 (within the former executive offices), as well as in 11 penthouse apartments. The northeastern corner of floor 5, which was also designated as a New York City interior landmark, was adapted into a three-bedroom apartment.</p><br>
<p>108 Leonard contains a 20,000 ft2 amenity space for residents, The building has two bicycle-storage rooms, with a combined capacity of 76 bikes, as well as two package rooms, one each at the residential lobbies on Leonard Street and Broadway. Underneath the Leonard Street sidewalk are vaults at cellar level, which contain 30 private storage bins for residents. There is also a parking lot within a portion of the basement. The parking lot includes 29 parking spaces (26 for residents and three for visitors), as well as an access driveway from Leonard Street, which doubles as a heated motor court. A private deck for residents is located at floors 16 and 17, above the lower and upper levels of the penthouse, respectively.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The New York Life Insurance Company had been chartered in 1841 and was originally located in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. The firm was originally known as the Nautilus Insurance Company, but it assumed the New York Life name in 1849. By the late 19th century, life insurance companies generally had their own buildings for their offices and branch locations. According to architectural writer Kenneth Gibbs, these buildings allowed each individual company to instill "not only its name but also a favorable impression of its operations" in the general public. This had been a trend since 1870, when the Equitable Life Insurance Company completed the first Equitable Life Building in Manhattan&#39;s Financial District. Furthermore, life insurance companies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries generally built massive buildings to fit their large clerical and records-keeping staff.</p><br>
<h3>New York Life headquarters</h3><br>
<h4>Original building</h4><br>
<p>After plans for the Equitable Life Building were announced, New York Life devised plans for its own headquarters in Lower Manhattan. In 1868, the company selected a site at 346 Broadway, which had formerly contained publishing firm D. Appleton & Company&#39;s headquarters.efnBryant & Gilman, James Renwick Jr., and Leopold Eidlitz also participated in the competition.</p><br>
<p>The two designs inspired those of other insurance buildings nearby, including the headquarters of Mutual Life, Metropolitan Life, and Germania Life.</p><br>
<p>The building, The site was irregularly shaped, with a frontage of about on Leonard Street and Catherine Lane. Its marble facade included Ionic columns in a manner resembling the Erechtheion in Athens, as well as heavy plate-glass windows. The basement had brick-and-stone walls; the site sloped downward to the east, where the basement contained storefronts. The central portion of the building was three stories high (excluding the basement) and was flanked by four-story pavilions at either end. The main entrance on Broadway was through a portico, topped by a pediment with an eagle. Running west-east across the first floor was a hallway, which was flanked by two large rooms and connected to a stair with an elevator shaft. The old New York Life Building was one of the first buildings in New York City with an elevator. After the building opened, Henry Fernbach designed a mansard roof, which was completed in 1879.</p><br>
<h4>Annex and replacement</h4><br>
<p>New York Life gradually purchased the lots on the eastern portion of the block, extending east to Lafayette Street (then known as Elm Street).</p><br>
<p>The company decided in August 1893 to hire Hatch, who was less well-known than the other competitors, to design the annex. Plans for the annex were filed in April 1894. The project would also involve masonry contractor L. W. Armstrong, marble contractor Norcross Company, iron contractor Post and McCord, and carpenter E. Hilbrand. designing an annex that extended about west from Elm Street. The annex ultimately cost $1.5 million to construct. The New-York Tribune wrote that the structure would be "one of the most striking improvements in Broadway" south of Canal Street. The New York Times described the New York Life Building as being in a "rivalry" with the Central National Bank Building to the south, at Pearl Street and Broadway.</p><br>
<p>During the construction of the annex, New York Life decided to replace the original building as well. In December 1895, McKim, Mead & White filed plans for the structure at a projected cost of $1 million.</p><br>
<p>During the replacement buildings construction, falling masonry injured two workers in 1896, and an elevator collapsed and injured six workers in 1897. As part of the project, New York Life wanted to take over Catherine Lane and build vaults underneath it; this was difficult because the alley was city-owned property. In addition, New York Life wanted to build an entrance portico on Broadway, but New York Citys commissioner of public works had initially forbidden the porticos construction. New York Life was eventually allowed to build a projecting portico with six columns and an ornate balustrade. The Merchants Association moved into the ground floor of the structure in July 1897. McKim, Mead & White completed the replacement building in April 1898.</p><br>
<h4>Early 20th century</h4><br>
<p>New York Life occupied the rebuilt edifice for three decades after the expansions were completed, In the early 1900s, tenants included law firm Sullivan, Goldsmith & Engel; numbering-machine manufacturer Bates Machine Company; and bank Trust Company of the Republic. New York Life bought an adjacent site in 1904, intending to construct a quarters for the companys growing clerical staff. Afterward, the company rented out the newly vacated space at 346 Broadway. Ten people were hurt in 1911 when an elevator in the building fell down eight stories. The next year, the portico in front of the buildings Broadway entrance was removed. By the late 1910s, the surrounding area had become a hub for fashion and textile companies. At the time, four stories in the New York Life Building were devoted exclusively to hosiery and underwear firms.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s, New York Life underwent another period of rapid growth, and the company&#39;s operations could no longer fit in the 346 Broadway building. all the knitted-goods tenants decided to relocate across Broadway simultaneously. Even this was not enough for New York Life, which in 1924 announced plans to build a skyscraper uptown at 51 Madison Avenue, on the site of Madison Square Garden. A one-foot-square piece of masonry fell from 346 Broadway in 1927, although no one was hurt. On November 15, 1928, New York Life transferred 75 million documents representing $6.85 billion in policies to the new building. An additional $675 million in securities was transported to the new structure, protected by 100 armored cars with machine guns.</p><br>
<h3>Private office building</h3><br>
<p>After New York Life vacated 346 Broadway, the building started to attract clothing firms. Among these companies was A. A. Smith & Son, which had been one of the buildings first tenants but had moved out during the 1910s. Other tenants around this time included the Veterans Voters League. When the New York state governments Mortgage Commission Servicing Corporation leased four floors in 1935, the structure was renamed the Mortgage Commission Servicing Corporation Building. The corporation moved into the building that December and leased two more stories shortly afterward, occupying half of the structure.</p><br>
<p>The building was fully occupied in the early 1940s. The New York branch of the federal government&#39;s Veterans Administration moved into 346 Broadway in 1942, The building was renovated around 1947, when steam pipes and electric elevators were installed. Charles F. Noyes and the City Investing Company each owned a 50 percent stake in the building until 1948, when Noyes gave his ownership stake to the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation to fund scholarships for college students.</p><br>
<p>The East New York Savings Bank placed a $1 million mortgage loan on the building in 1951. The VA office in the building was transferred to Philadelphia the same year. The City Investing Company sold 346 Broadway to New York Equities, a syndicate led by David Rapoport, at the beginning of 1952. During this decade, tenants included the Office of Price Stabilization, as well as recruitment offices for the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. In addition, the United States Agency for International Development opened a recruitment office in the main lobby in 1967.</p><br>
<h3>City government ownership</h3><br>
<p>In 1967, the New York City government acquired the building and moved several city agencies there. 346 Broadway also hosted some Criminal Court cases during the early 1970s, as well as the Criminal Court&#39;s Summons Part office, where residents could file complaints about incidents where the New York City Police Department declined to make an arrest. The first alternative dispute resolution center in New York City opened within the building in 1975. The Clocktower art gallery, operated by the Institute for Art and Urban Resources, had opened by 1973; it occupied an underused space on the 13th floor. The Summons Court was handling one hundred thousand cases annually by the late 1970s. Meanwhile, the building had become dilapidated; The New York Times wrote that "the rooms at 346 have not been painted in at least a dozen years, dirt on the windows blocks out the sun and more than half the light fixtures have broken bulbs". The Criminal Court Summons Part was relocated from the building in 1979, at which point between 2.5 million and 3 million summonses were stored in cabinets and drawers across the building.</p><br>
<p>City employees Marvin Schneider and Eric Reiner restored 346 Broadways clock in 1980. The city government would not let Schneider and Reiner fix the clock without liability insurance, so New York Life donated an insurance policy for the two men. Schneider had never fixed a clock before, but he thought 346 Broadways broken clock signified "a city that wasnt working". After fixing the clock, Schneider, Reiner, and George Whaley were asked to fix clocks in other city buildings, In part due to Schneiders advocacy, the LPC designated the building&#39;s exterior and parts of the interior as a landmark on February 12, 1987; the interior-landmark designation covered ten separate parts of the building.</p><br>
<p>City officials and former Rikers Island prisoners built five courtrooms in the building during the 1980s; the new courtrooms did not include prisoner holding cells, so they were used for Civil Court cases instead of criminal cases. By 1993, the Department of Citywide Administrative Services had restored the ninth floor for the probation department. The old New York Life Building continued to physically deteriorate through the 1990s, as many of the interior spaces had been covered with linoleum, divided by partitions, and marked by graffiti.</p><br>
<h3>Residential use</h3><br>
<p>The Peebles Corporation, along with its partner El-Ad Group, bought the former New York Life Building from the city for $160 million in 2013; this was part of a $250 million deal that also involved the sale of 49 Chambers to the Chetrit Group. The New York City government sold the buildings in an attempt to reduce the amount of office space that it owned. Peebles finalized its acquisition in December 2013; it was the most expensive property to be sold by the New York City government. 346 Broadway was Peebles&#39;s first property in New York City. The Clocktower Gallery closed that year. Immediately after buying the building, Peebles and El-Ad announced they would convert the building into luxury residences. or 140 residences.</p><br>
<h4>Planning and legal issues</h4><br>
<p>John H. Beyer of architectural firm Beyer Blinder Belle proposed relocating the buildings staircases, adding two penthouses, and removing fire escapes to make way for private balconies. The developers planned to convert the publicly accessible clock tower into a private residence, and they wished to replace the clocks mechanical workings with electric machinery; the developers shut off electricity to the clock in May 2014. The building was originally supposed to contain a hotel, plans for which had been scrapped by July 2014. The development also had to include a community space; by October 2014, local residents were expressing concerns that the developers were trying to downsize the community space. The LPC voted in December 2014 to grant a "certificate of appropriateness" to the clock tower&#39;s conversion, despite public opposition to that part of the project. Schneider continued to visit the building every week to wind the clock until March 2015, when the developers stopped granting him access to the clock tower.</p><br>
<p>Negotiations over aspects of the design continued for several months. prompting a lawsuit from local residents and organizations. The city eventually dropped its original plan to relocate the summons court within Tribeca, and the court remained at 346 Broadway for another year, delaying the residential conversion project. The summons court ultimately moved to the Municipal Building in early 2015.</p><br>
<p>The developers also faced several legal challenges. In late 2015, political operative Dan Hoeg sued Peebles, claiming that the firm had refused to give him 25 percent of the projects profit as part of an agreement with Peebles. Peebles denied that Hoeg had any equity stake in the building, and he countersued the next year, claiming that Hoeg had lied on his resume. former Peebles executive Daniel Newhouse had also sued Peebles for a stake in 346 Broadways profits, but Newhouse had withdrawn his suit in 2015. Preservationists sued in the New York Supreme Court, the trial-level court of New York state, to prevent the conversion of the clock tower into a private residence. The Supreme Court revoked the LPCs certificate of appropriateness in March 2016, despite the city governments own assertion that the buildings owners did not have to maintain the clock. Peebles and El-Ad also had an issue with an appraiser when Peebles sought to have El-Ad buy out his stake in the project. A panel of state judges upheld the Supreme Courts ruling in November 2017. Peebles and El-Ad developers also sued each other the same year, accusing each other of trying to derail the project. If the developers did not sell at least 35 apartments by August 2018, the city could take back ownership of the building. By November 2017, Peebles and El-Ad had resolved their legal disputes.</p><br>
<h4>Renovation and completion</h4><br>
<p>Bank of America gave the owners a $334 million construction loan in January 2016, and Apollo Commercial Real Estate Finance placed a $77 million mezzanine loan on the project the next month. Architectural firm Howard L. Zimmerman Architects restored the building&#39;s facade. The work included cleaning the marble, replacing damaged portions of the roof parapet, and restoring the 7,000-pound sculptural eagles perched on the roof.</p><br>
<p>The New York Court of Appeals, the highest court in New York state, reversed the New York Supreme Courts ruling on the clock-tower lawsuit in early 2019, finding that the owners could close the clock tower and convert it into an apartment. The Court of Appeals ruling effectively ended the legal dispute, to preservationists&#39; disappointment, and the penthouse was placed on sale in 2024. singer Keith Urban and actress Nicole Kidman</p><br>
<p>In early 2022, JPMorgan Chase and Lionheart Management provided a $229.4 million mortgage loan for the project. Shainman had paid $20 million for the banking hall and was planning to spend $3 million to $4 million on renovations. That March, VIQ Architecture submitted plans to the LPC for alterations to the banking hall&#39;s interior, as well as the lower portions of the facade on Leonard Street and Lafayette Street.</p><br>
<h2>Reception</h2><br>
<p>When the western part of the building was completed, the New-York Tribune wrote in 1893: "It is a pity that the clock tower which surmounts the building should be so high above the range of vision of passers-by in the street." Architectural critic Francis Swales said that, although the buildings facade was composed similarly to nearby loft buildings because of the use of repeating motifs, "The objections are, however, unsatisfactory Externally—and internally as far as least as the splendid banking-room and vestibules are concerned—it is the perfection of detail that captures one." Christopher Gray of The New York Times wrote in 1993 that the general office was "rich and Roman, on a scale of interiors like those at the University and Metropolitan Clubs". The 2010 edition of the AIA Guide to New York City characterized the structures clock as a "wonderful Classical clock overlooking Broadway."</p><br>
<p>There was also some criticism of the building. The writer Eliot Gregory did not like the decorations atop the clock tower, writing in 1899 that the decorations resembled "a monument in Greenwood (Cemetery), surmounted by a rat trap". When Gray described the rundown building in a Times article in 1993, he said that the Leonard Street lobby contained "the tackiest fake-veneer candy stand left in the city, complete with Beirut-style rolldown steel gates". Although general services commissioner Kenneth J. Knuckles complained about Gray&#39;s article, Knuckles also did not dispute any of the details mentioned in the article.</p><br>
<p>Dalton Commercial Historic District is a historic district in Dalton, Georgia that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1988. Its boundaries were expanded in 2006.</p><br>
<p>It includes the Western and Atlantic Depot, which is separately listed on the NRHP, and course of railway that was site of the Great Locomotive Chase of 1862. The 1852-built railroad depot, at the end of King Street, is Italianate in style and is the oldest building in the district. A 1938-built movie theater is the newest of the contributing resources.</p><br>
<p>Per NRIS, the original listing included 20 acre with 78 contributing buildings and one other contributing structure and one contributing object.</p><br>
<p>The district covers a central business district arranged on a gridiron street plan that is not unlike that of other small Georgia cities. It includes historic government buildings, commercial buildings, and transportation-related facilities.</p><br>
<p>Its three government buildings are the Georgian Revival-styled old Federal Post Office and city hall, and the county fire station, "which represent the presence of federal and local government in Dalton during the early 20th century. City hall, built in 1937, is one of the few major buildings built in Dalton During the 1930s and, as such, reflects the economic stimulation that the WPA and other federal programs were designed to provide during the Depression. These buildings represent three different levels of government and their day-to-day operations in the community."</p><br>
<p>It includes the Wink Theater, a 1938 movie theater featuring Art Moderne styling.</p><br>
<p>It also captures industry that made Dalton the "Tufted Bedspread Capital of the World in the 1930s and 1940s. This was the beginning of the tufted carpet industry for Dalton which today has developed into a worldwide carpet industry."</p><br>
<p>Or per the increase document, the original listing included 85 contributing buildings, 40 non-contributing buildings, and one contributing object. The object was the 15 ft bronze statue of Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston emplaced on Crawford Street in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Per NRIS, the increase included 5 acre with 33 contributing buildings. And it included Italianate and Colonial Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>Or per the increase document, the increase added 27 contributing buildings, and subtracted 19 non-contributing ones.</p><br>
<p>The Iowa and Sac & Fox Mission State Historic Site, also known as the Highland Presbyterian Mission, is the site of a mission that housed the children of two local tribes between 1845 and 1863.</p><br>
<p>A historic Presbyterian mission building at the site, near Highland, Kansas, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1970, listed as Iowa, Sac, and Fox Presbyterian Mission.</p><br>
<p>The building served as a museum from 1996 to 2008. The museum reopened in 2022.</p><br>
<h2>Mission building</h2><br>
<p>The building is a three-story stone and brick building topped by a belfrey giving it total height of 52 ft. It is 106x37 ft in plan. The building was constructed in 1846 to replace an earlier building. The mission was used as a church and school by the Native Americans in the area. The building added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1836 William Clark (acting as superintendent of Indian affairs) negotiated a treaty with the Iowa people and the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska. The treaty ceded all the tribal land from Missouri to the Missouri river for $7,500; in return the government promised to build five homes and provide goods and services to the tribes. When the tribes started moving to their new established grounds the missionaries had seen an opportunity to spread their word to people in "decline" and decided to set up a mission. The mission was known as "The loway and Sac Mission" by the missionaries.</p><br>
<p>A Presbyterianism mission was established (1837) roughly 2 mile from present day Highland, Kansas by Samuel M. Irvin and his wife before being joined by Reverend William Hamilton. Irvin was sent to the Highland area by the Presbyterian Board of Missions to establish an agricultural mission for the Iowa and Sac & Fox people, who were traditionally hunters. Irvin tried to teach the tribes to raise livestock and farm. Since he had little success, the missions board changed its tactics to teach younger children in an attempt to change the cultures.</p><br>
<p>The original mission building was a one-story log structure but a permanent structure was authorized by the presbyterian board of foreign missions in 1844 with the building being completed by July 1846. The finished building was three stories high and a belfry that combined made a total height of 52 feet. The building footprint was 107 feet long by 37 feet long. The building was made of limestone and bricks manufactured on site. There were 32 rooms including a dining hall and chapel.</p><br>
<p>Samuel Irvin requested that the missionary board supply him with a printing press in order to print books and religious texts in the Iowa language; the press was approved and received at the mission in 1843. All lessons were taught in English and the Iowa language with common study topics including spelling, Arithmetic, and geography and an emphasis on industrial, domestic, and farming skills. A small apology was included in the text explaining that any problems or defects found in the type were due to their inexperience as printmakers with little outside help. "Any defect, which may appear in the mechanical execution... our experience in the art has been acquired entirely in the Indian country, and without any instructor." nine titles were produced out of the mission and was the second printing press in the state of Kansas.</p><br>
<p>The missions main goal was to dissuade tribal culture and transform the Indians into self-sufficient farmers with Christian beliefs. On average about 40 students lived at the mission. a typical day at the mission is waking up at 5am, having 6 hours of school from 9 am and all non-school hours spent at work under Irvins leadership. Girls were taught homemaking and housekeeping by Mrs. Eliza Irvin.</p><br>
<p>from the early 1840s to 1965 the Oregon Trail was active with the mission acting as a lucrative destination due its position on the trail. The tribes benefited by charging a toll over their bridge but the travelers who came through brought diseases along with them. Diseases such as smallpox and cholera caused epidemics causing the tribes to move away from the mission.</p><br>
<p>Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854) brought further reductions to the Indian reservations and increased the distance between the mission and the reservations; this made it difficult for the tribes&#39; children to attend causing the closure of the mission in 1863. In 1856 the mission had 44 students.</p><br>
<p>The mission found new life as an orphanage and was operated from 1863 to 1866. The mission then sat empty from 1866 to 1868 until the western side of the building was razed to make a dormatory leaving only 40 percent of the original structure.</p><br>
<p>the Northeast Kansas Historical Society decided to preserve the remaining portion of the building that had been acting as a private residence from 1905 to 1937. in 1941 the state had acquired the property and has been declared a state historical site since 1963. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. In 1996 the museum was renovated and reopened as a museum for native American arts until its closure in 2008.</p><br>
<p>In 2021 the state relinquished control of the property to the Iowa tribe of Kansas and became part of the Ioway Tribal National Park. The Museum was reopened in 2022.</p><br>
<p>The site is located 1.5 mi east of Highland on 240th Road and.2 mi north on Elgin Road.</p><br>
<p>The John Brown Museum, also known as the John Brown Museum State Historic Site and John Brown Cabin, is located in Osawatomie, Kansas. The site is operated by the Kansas Historical Society, and includes the log cabin of Reverend Samuel Adair and his wife, Florella, who was the half-sister of the abolitionist John Brown. Brown lived in the cabin during the twenty months he spent in Kansas and conducted many of his abolitionist activities from there. The museum&#39;s displays tell the story of John Brown, the Adairs and local abolitionists, and include the original cabin, Adair family furnishings and belongings, and Civil War artifacts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When Kansas Territory was established in 1854, newspapers in the North encouraged settlement in the area to ensure that the new state would be free. The land also offered promise to families—the opportunity to cultivate fertile land, enjoy the peaceful countryside, and protect the territory from the spread of slavery.</p><br>
<p>Samuel and Florella Brown Adair held such a dream. Florellas father, Owen Brown, was also the father of the abolitionist John Brown. Owen, a strict Calvinist, was a trustee at Oberlin College. John Browns mother, Ruth Mills Brown, died in 1808, and Owen married Sally Root around 1811. Their children included Florella.</p><br>
<p>Both Samuel and Florella were graduates of Oberlin, a progressive coeducational and biracial college in Ohio. Samuel finished his theology program and the two were married and moved westward, where Samuel sought a position in Osawatomie, Kansas Territory.</p><br>
<p>Five of John Brown&#39;s sons followed the Adairs to Kansas. There they faced severe illness and the strife of Bleeding Kansas. Brown arrived to help his sons, but did not plan on staying permanently. In Kansas he found a sympathetic group to put his ideas into action. The abolitionists rebelled against the controlling pro-slavery government. They often fought those from Missouri who came into the territory to push pro-slavery agendas. Osawatomie, near the Missouri border, was attacked and burned by pro-slavery forces on August 30, 1856. The Adair Cabin, which the family had purchased in 1854 for, survived the attack.</p><br>
<p>The Adairs endured much hardship in the territory. As a minister, the Reverend Adair struggled to build his church, the first in Osawatomie and the third Congregational church in Kansas. He provided the walnut lumber and native stone construction materials used for the church building, which was dedicated July 14, 1861. The church still stands today.</p><br>
<p>Florella also led a hard, strenuous life. The log cabin required a dramatic change in lifestyle for the college-educated woman, who had to learn how to do without things to which she was accustomed.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Samuel was sent to Fort Leavenworth to serve as a military chaplain. Florella took over her husband&#39;s duties at home. Eventually she became ill and joined Samuel in Leavenworth, where she died in 1865.</p><br>
<p>After Florella&#39;s death, Samuel returned to Osawatomie. He helped establish the first mental institution in Kansas, which became Osawatomie State Hospital. There he volunteered his services as chaplain for 11 years. Samuel died in 1898. He left the cabin to his son, Charles Storrs Adair.</p><br>
<h2>Adair cabin</h2><br>
<p>The Adairs house was a typical rough, frontier log cabin. Its fireplace was used for warmth and cooking. It is believed that the room in back was used to hide escaped slaves. John Browns son, Frederick, died nearby, the first victim of the Battle of Osawatomie. Because of his activities in and around the area, John Brown became known as "Old Osawatomie Brown". Brown stayed in the cabin with the Adairs from time to time. In 1911 the Kansas legislature named the site of the battleground John Brown Memorial Park and moved the cabin to its present site. The stone building that encloses the cabin was built in 1928. In 1963, the Kansas Historical Society became the administrator of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Statue</h2><br>
<p>A statue of Brown by George Fite Waters was added in 1935. It was sponsored by the Women&#39;s Relief Corps, Department of Kansas.</p><br>
<p>Lancaster Historic District is a historic district in Lancaster, Ohio. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Lancaster historic district includes the historic central business district of Lancaster, including most of the original town as laid out in 1800. It includes two previously existing local historic districts: the West Main Street Historic District and the Square 13 Historic District. The district contains numerous historic homes and buildings that were built in more than a dozen diverse architectural styles. Several museum houses are located within the district including the Sherman House Museum, The Georgian Museum, and the Decorative Arts Center of Ohio housed in the Reese-Peters mansion.</p><br>
<p>The Lancaster Block in Lincoln, Nebraska was built in Romanesque Revival style in 1891 or before. It is also known as Jack & Jill Grocery Store.</p><br>
<p>It is historically associated with the rise of the town of Havelock, Nebraska and with its decline. For the rise, it was built by the Landcaster Land Company which founded the city and was built even before the citys incorporation. For the decline, it was site of meeting for local Great Northern railway shop workers and their vote to strike in the Great Railroad Strike of 1922. The strikes failure contributed to the decline of Havelock and its being absorbed into Lincoln in 1930.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
